Search results for "fair"

Welfare State Development, Individual Deprivations and Income Inequality: A cross-country analysis in Latin America and the Caribbean

2019

Several scholars have confirmed the role that the welfare state (WS) plays in reducing poverty, promoting equality and ensuring the common wellbeing. One of the limitations of the scholarship has been the conceptualization and operationalization of the WS and poverty as one-dimensional variables. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between welfare state development –as a one-dimensional and multidimensional variable-, single-dimensions deprivations and income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean, before and after controlling for demographic and cyclical factors. The WS is operationalized taking into account its multidimensional nature. Three individual deprivat…

Passion and prejudice in research

1997

In every country examined, there are far fewer women in senior positions in science than the number who begin a career in research — and those who do achieve success are paid less than their male colleagues. Irrespective of gender, the distribution of grants for scientific research is grossly skewed in favour of the few at the expense of the many. And members of some ethnic minority groups tend not even to begin careers in research. Why are these discriminatory practices tolerated, and what (if anything) is being done to change this state of affairs?

Fair Executive Compensation: Is Kalai-Smorodinsky More Just than Nash ?

2015

By considering Phelps' curve, the best disagreement point (BATNA) and the gains of negotiation, we examine what a fair distribution of executive wages should be. Beyond equality and Rawls' maximin, we focus on equality-of-gains (Nash) and on relative-equality-of-gains (Kalai-Smorodinsky). Equality-of-gains is close to maximin; executives may not accept to bargain. Relative-equality-of-gains allows executives and workers to obtain equal gains in percentage; executive compensation is not intolerably high to the price of a higher total payroll.

Performance Evaluation of CANIT Algorithm in Presence of Congestion Losses

2001

In this paper, we analize by queuing-simulation CANIT (Congestion Avoidance with Normalized Interval of Time) algorithm performances in presence of congestion losses. In a former work [3], we proposed the algorithm (CANIT) for TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) congestion avoidance phase in order to improve fairness during this phase, and we showed that using CANIT algorithm in an environment without loss, instead of standard congestion avoidance algorithm improves both congestion avoidance fairness and bandwith utilization for long RTT connections. In this paper, we consider congestion losses and show that the fairness as well as the bandwith utilization are more efficient when using CANI…

Dynamic packet scheduling performance in UTRA Long Term Evolution downlink

2008

In this paper we evaluate the performance of dynamic Packet Scheduling (PS) of 3GPP UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE) Downlink. Packet scheduling is of utmost importance in 3G LTE, because all traffic types with different Quality of Service requirements are competing of the resources. We present a decoupled time and frequency domain packet scheduling framework for LTE downlink. Simulation results with three basic packet scheduler combinations with different amount of fairness are presented in four different 3GPP macro simulation cases to show the both extremes in tradeoff between fairness and spectral efficiency. In addition, the effect of multiuser diversity on packet scheduling performance …

L'offre Tarifaire des Institutions Culturelles en France

1999

Emotions in leaders’ enactment of professional agency

2019

Purpose Although there has been an increase in workplace studies on professional agency, few of these have examined the role of emotions in the enactment of agency at work. To date, professional agency has been mainly conceptualised as a goal-oriented, rational activity aimed at influencing a current state of affairs. Challenged by this, this study aims to elaborate the nature and quality of emotions and how they might be connected to the enactment of professional agency. Design/methodology/approach Data are collected in the context of a leadership coaching programme that aimed to promote the leaders’ professional agency over the course of a year. The participants (11 middle-management lea…

The recreational value of botanic garden events: A case study of the Zagara plant fair in Palermo, Italy

2022

Botanic gardens are defined by their mission to maintain living plant collections for scientific research, conservation, display and education. This mission represents the potential ecosystem services that botanic gardens aim to produce, with display and education specifically regarding recreational ecosystem services (RES). Visitors must directly experience botanic gardens to transform these potential RES into real benefits, yet the public may not be interested in studying plants during their leisure time. Thus, botanic gardens turn to events to attract visitors. The objective of this study is to estimate the RES benefits created by a botanic garden event and profile the visitors that it b…

Strategies for Including Patients Recruited During Interim Analysis of Clinical Trials

2007

In clinical trials a periodical check of safety and efficacy data is often needed. For organizational reasons it is rarely desirable to stop a trial during such an interim analysis. Therefore, new study patients are included in the trial while the interim analysis is ongoing. Disregarding the additional information provided by these interim patients would be unsatisfactory, especially for an office of regulatory affairs. Consequently, the rules for group sequential or adaptive decisions must be adjusted to the recruitment of interim patients. In this paper, two strategies for modifying study designs to consider the analysis of interim patients are proposed.

Moral Attitudes Toward Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement (PCE): Differences and Similarities Among Germans With and Without PCE Experience

2018

Pharmacological cognitive enhancement (PCE), the use of illicit and/or prescription drugs to increase cognitive performance, has spurred controversial discussion in bioethics. In a semi-structured interview study with 60 German university students and employees, differences and similarities in moral attitudes toward PCE among 30 experienced participants (EPs) vs. 30 inexperienced participants (IPs) were investigated. Substances EPs used most often are methylphenidate, amphetamines, tetrahydrocannabinol and modafinil. Both EPs and IPs addressed topics such as autonomous decision making or issues related to fairness such as equality in test evaluation and distortion of competition. While most…