Search results for "fen"

"Kuori se vaan muuttuu, mutta muuten pysyy samana" : ikääntyneiden kokemuksia persoonallisuuden muotoutumisesta nuoruudesta vanhuuteen

2004

Vanhuus elämänkulun ehtoona ja kuolema sinettinä : 87-vuotiaiden kokemuksia vanhenemisesta

2002

"Mennään samoihin päiväkoteihin ja jokainen saa mitä tarvii" : lastentarhanopettajien käsityksiä erityisvarhaiskasvatuksesta ja inkluusiosta

2014

Matematiikka päiväkodissa : varhaiskasvattajien käsityksiä matematiikasta, sen oppimisesta ja opettamisesta

2000

"Se on koko perheen elämää" : vanhempien käsityksiä päivähoidon laadusta

2002

Indagini sulla variazione fenotipica in ambienti insulari e microinsulari delle specie di Podarcis Wagler, 1820 (Reptilia, Lacertidae) presenti in Si…

2011

Aposematism in the burying beetle? Dual function of anal fluid in parental care and chemical defence

2017

Burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides) bear distinctive and variable orange-black patterning on their elytra and produce an anal exudate from their abdomen when threatened. During breeding, the anal exudates contribute to the antimicrobial defence of the breeding resource. We investigated whether the anal exudates also provide a responsive chemical defence, which is advertised to potential avian predators by the beetle’s orange and black elytral markings. We found that that the orange-black elytral markings of the burying beetle are highly conspicuous for avian predators against range of backgrounds, by using computer simulations. Using bioassays with wood ants, we also showed that the …

The price of safety: food deprivation in early life influences the efficacy of chemical defence in an aposematic moth

2018

Aposematism is the combination of a primary signal with a secondary defence that predators must learn to associate with one another. However, variation in the level of defence, both within and between species, is very common. As secondary defences influence individual fitness, this variation in quality and quantity requires an evolutionary explanation, particularly as it may or may not correlate with variation in primary signals. The costs of defence production are expected to play a considerable role in generating this variation, yet studies of the cost of chemical defence have focused on species that sequester their defences, while studies in species that produce them de novo are scarce. …

Multimodal Aposematic Defenses Through the Predation Sequence

2021

Aposematic organisms warn predators of their unprofitability using a combination of defenses, including visual warning signals, startling sounds, noxious odors, or aversive tastes. Using multiple lines of defense can help prey avoid predators by stimulating multiple senses and/or by acting at different stages of predation. We tested the efficacy of three lines of defense (color, smell, taste) during the predation sequence of aposematic wood tiger moths (Arctia plantaginis) using blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) predators. Moths with two hindwing phenotypes (genotypes: WW/Wy = white, yy = yellow) were manipulated to have defense fluid with aversive smell (methoxypyrazines), body tissues with a…

Multiple modalities in insect warning displays have additive effects against wild avian predators

2019

Allocation to different components of defence has been suggested as an explanation for the existence of multiple aposematic morphs in a single population. We tested whether there are trade-offs between warning colouration and chemical defence or whether these have an additive effect when combined, using blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) as predators and the polymorphic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) as prey. We used artificial edible models (with and without the moths’ defensive fluids) with paper wings whose colour and pattern properties matched those of real moths. When the models were presented sans defensive fluids or when the fluids were presented without colour cues, we detected n…