Search results for "flies"
showing 10 items of 85 documents
Predator mimicry, not conspicuousness, explains the efficacy of butterfly eyespots
2015
Large conspicuous eyespots on butterfly wings have been shown to deter predators. This has been traditionally explained by mimicry of vertebrate eyes, but recently the classic eye-mimicry hypothesis has been challenged. It is proposed that the conspicuousness of the eyespot, not mimicry, is what causes aversion due to sensory biases, neophobia or sensory overloads. We conducted an experiment to directly test whether the eye-mimicry or the conspicuousness hypothesis better explain eyespot efficacy. We used great tits ( Parus major ) as model predator, and tested their reaction towards animated images on a computer display. Birds were tested against images of butterflies without eyespots, wi…
Supplementary material 13 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the …
2015
Individual assignments to genotypic clusters A, F1, F2, R1, R2: Explanation note: Posterior group membership probabilities (PGMPs) of male and female specimens as resulting from Discriminant Analysis of Principal Coordinates of wing landmarks (upper) or wing band areas (lower). Prior groups: A, F1, F2, R1, R2 (from white to dark blue).
Supplementary material 11 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the …
2015
Constrained ordination of wing band areas: Explanation note: Discriminant analysis of principal coordinates (DAPC) maximising morphometric differences in wing band areas between males and females (a) Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis fasciventris and Ceratitis rosa and (b) genotypic clusters A, F1, F2, R1, R2.
Supplementary material 8 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the C…
2015
Unconstrained ordination of wing landmarks: Explanation note: Principal component analysis (PCA) showing morphometric differences in wing landmarks between males and females (a) Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis fasciventris and Ceratitis rosa and (b) genotypic clusters A, F1, F2, R1, R2.
Supplementary material 4 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the C…
2015
Wing landmarks and wing band areas: Explanation note: Position of wing landmarks and wing band areas (numbers according to Suppl. material 3).
Supplementary material 12 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the …
2015
Average individual assignments: Explanation note: Average individual posterior group membership probabilities (PGMPs) of male and female specimens of three morphospecies (Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis fasciventris and Ceratitis rosa) and five genotypic clusters (A, F1, F2, R1, R2) as resulting from the analysis of wing landmarks (light grey) and wing band areas (dark grey).
Supplementary material 2 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the C…
2015
Map of sampling locations: Explanation note: Number of sampled specimens for each morphospecies are indicated in parentheses.
Supplementary material 9 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the C…
2015
Unconstrained ordination of wing band areas: Explanation note: Principal component analysis (PCA) showing morphometric differences in wing band areas between males and females (a) Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis fasciventris and Ceratitis rosa and (b) genotypic clusters A, F1, F2, R1, R2.
Supplementary material 15 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the …
2015
Morphometric differences across genotypic clusters (wing band areas): Explanation note: PERMANOVA and a posteriori comparisons (t-statistic) testing differences in multivariate patterns of wing band areas among morphospecies (Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis fasciventris, Ceratitis rosa). d.f.: degrees of freedom; MS: mean square estimates; F: pseudo-F. Probability of Monte Carlo simulations: n.s.: not significant a P<0.05; ***: P<0.001, **: P<0.01; *: P<0.05 (after False Discovery Rate Correction for repeated a posteriori comparisons).
Supplementary material 5 from: Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the C…
2015
Preliminary methodological experiment: unconstrained ordination of wing landmarks: Explanation note: Principal component analysis (PCA) showing morphometric differences in wing landmarks of 14 Ceratitis rosa specimens across sexes (M, F), wings (LW: left wing, RW: right wing), repeated images of the same wing (1, 2), repeated measures of the same image (A, B).