Search results for "foundations"

Retrieval of absolute SO2 column amounts from scattered-light spectra: implications for the evaluation of data from automated DOAS networks

2018

Scanning spectrometer networks using scattered solar radiation in the ultraviolet spectral region have become an increasingly important tool for monitoring volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Often measured spectra are evaluated using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. In order to obtain absolute column densities (CDs), the DOAS evaluation requires a Fraunhofer reference spectrum (FRS) that is free of absorption structures of the trace gas of interest. For measurements at volcanoes such a FRS can be readily obtained if the scan (i.e. series of measurements at different elevation angles) includes viewing directions where the plume is not seen. In this cas…

Aerosol quantification with the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer: detection limits and ionizer background effects

2008

Systematic laboratory experiments were performed to investigate quantification of various species with two versions of the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, a Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS) and a compact Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (c-ToF-AMS). Here we present a new method to continuously determine the detection limits of the AMS analyzers during regular measurements, yielding detection limit (<i>DL</i>) information under various measurement conditions. Minimum detection limits range from 0.03 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (nitrate, sulfate, and chloride) up to 0.5 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (organics) for the Q-AMS. Those of t…

Quantitative single-particle analysis with the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer: development of a new classification algorithm and its application …

2018

Single-particle mass spectrometry has proven a valuable tool for gaining information on the mixing state of aerosol particles. With the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) equipped with a light-scattering probe, non-refractory components of submicron particles with diameters larger than about 300 nm can even be quantified on a single-particle basis. Here, we present a new method for the analysis of AMS single-particle mass spectra. The developed algorithm classifies the particles according to their components (e.g. sulphate, nitrate, different types of organics) and simultaneously provides quantitative information about the composition of the single particles. This classification algor…

Organosulfates in atmospheric aerosol: synthesis and quantitative analysis of PM2.5 from Xi'an, northwestern China

2018

The sources, formation mechanism and amount of organosulfates (OS) in atmospheric aerosol are not yet well understood, partly due to the lack of authentic standards for quantification. In this study, we report an improved robust procedure for the synthesis of organosulfates with different functional groups. Nine authentic organosulfate standards were synthesized and four standards (benzyl sulfate, phenyl sulfate, glycolic acid sulfate, and hydroxyacetone sulfate) were used to quantify their ambient concentrations. The authentic standards and ambient aerosol samples were analyzed using an optimized ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric meth…

Design of a mobile aerosol research laboratory and data processing tools for effective stationary and mobile field measurements

2012

A compact mobile aerosol research laboratory (MoLa) for stationary and mobile measurements of aerosol and trace gas characteristics was developed at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC) in Mainz, Germany. Major efforts were made to design an aerosol inlet system which is optimized and characterised for both, stationary and mobile measurements using a particle loss modelling approach. The instrumentation on board allows the determination of a multitude of physical and chemical aerosol parameters, for example particle number and mass concentration (PM<sub>1/2.5/10</sub>), particle size distributions in the diameter range 6 nm up to 32 μm, and chemical composition of the s…

The ion trap aerosol mass spectrometer: field intercomparison with the ToF-AMS and the capability of differentiating organic compound classes via MS-…

2017

Further development and optimisation of a previously described ion trap aerosol mass spectrometer (IT-AMS) are presented, which resulted in more reproducible and robust operation and allowed for the instrument's first field deployment. Results from this 11-day-long measurement indicate that the instrument is capable of providing quantitative information on organics, nitrate, and sulfate mass concentrations with reasonable detection limits (0.5–1.4 µg m−3 for 1 h averages) and that results obtained with the IT-AMS can directly be related to those from Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers. The capability of the IT-AMS to elucidate the structure of fragment ions is demonstrated via an MS4 study…

The framing of moral foundations alters perceptions of ethical business practices

2015

Pressure to be both ethical and profitable can create conflicts. Morality is multi-faceted, and ethical perceptions of a company that chooses shareholder profits over avoiding community harm may depend on one’s endorsement of different moral foundations. Participants responded to different ethical dilemmas where companies chose shareholder profit over avoiding community harm. Across all studies, moral foundations influenced ethical perceptions. Study 1 found that endorsement of the moral foundation of harm avoidance was associated with decreased ethical perceptions of a company choosing shareholder profits over avoiding community harm, whereas loyalty endorsement was associated with the opp…

On the viability of an algebraic approach to non-monotonic reasoning

1996

Computational Rationality as a Theory of Interaction

2022

Funding Information: This work was funded by the Finnish Center for AI and Academy of Finland (“BAD” and “Human Automata”). We thank our reviewers, Xiuli Chen, Joerg Mueller, Christian Guckelsberger, Sebastiaan de Peuter, Samuel Kaski, Pierre-Alexandre Murena, Antti Keuru-lainen, Suyog Chandramouli, and Roderick Murray-Smith for their comments. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 ACM. How do people interact with computers? This fundamental question was asked by Card, Moran, and Newell in 1983 with a proposition to frame it as a question about human cognition - in other words, as a matter of how information is processed in the mind. Recently, the question has been reframed as one of adaptation: how …

Nadzór nad fundacjami kościelnymi w Polsce

2013

W prawie polskim, w odniesieniu do fundacji, przyjęty został model nadzoru subsydiarnego o charakterze prawnym. Nadzór pośredni jest wykonywany przez organy administracji publicznej, a nadzór bezpośredni przez sądu powszechne. Ustawodawca zróżnicował nieco sytuację prawną fundacji kościelnych w porównaniu z innymi fundacjami poprzez to, że w nadzór pośredni nad nimi wykonują w pierwszej kolejności, niezależnie od organów państwowych, również kościelne osoby prawne będące fundatorami bądź wskazane w statucie. Ponadto inaczej uregulowane zostały w ich przypadku kwestie związane z ustanawianiem zarządców przymusowych. Wskazane odrębności zwykło uznawać się za przywilej prawny fundacji kościeln…