Search results for "grammar"
showing 10 items of 662 documents
Language Anxiety Levels in Urban, Suburban and Rural Secondary Grammar School Students
2012
The main purpose of this study is to investigate language anxiety levels in Polish secondary grammar school students from urban (N = 223), suburban (N = 48) and rural areas (N = 122). The results show that rural students suffer from significantly higher levels of anxiety over the length of their secondary school education when compared to their urban and suburban peers. These results confirm the findings in the literature of the field, further demonstrating that social and educational deprivation of rural adolescents continues to prevail. However, this study also shows that the language anxiety levels of all the study participants significantly decrease towards the end of their secondary sc…
I-ChatbIT: An intelligent chatbot for the Italian Language
2014
A novel chatbot architecture for the Italian language is presented that is aimed at implementing cognitive under- standing of the query by locating its cor- respondent subgraph in the agent’s KB by means of a graph matching strategy pur- posely devised. The FCG engine is used for producing replies starting from the se- mantic poles extracted from the candidate answers’ subgraphs. The system imple- ments a suitable disambiguation strategy for selecting the correct answer by analyz- ing the commonsense knowledge related to the adverbs in the query that is embed- ded in the lexical constructions of the ad- verbs themselves as a proper set of fea- tures. The whole system is presented, and a com…
Unavoidable sets and circular splicing languages
2017
Circular splicing systems are a formal model of a generative mechanism of circular words, inspired by a recombinant behaviour of circular DNA. They are defined by a finite alphabet A, an initial set I of circular words, and a set R of rules. In this paper, we focus on the still unknown relations between regular languages and circular splicing systems with a finite initial set and a finite set R of rules represented by a pair of letters ( ( 1 , 3 ) -CSSH systems). When R = A × A , it is known that the set of all words corresponding to the splicing language belongs to the class of pure unitary languages, introduced by Ehrenfeucht, Haussler, Rozenberg in 1983. They also provided a characteriza…
La motivació pragmàtica de la cohesió en la conversa
2010
Aquest treball pretén donar compte de la dimensió pragmàtica de la cohesió a través de l'anàlisi d'un text argumentatiu conversacional. El treball se situa en el marc teòric de la Gramàtica Discursiva Funcional («Functional Discourse Grammar», FDG, Hengeveld & Mackenzie 2008, 2009). Es mostra que la cohesió es formula en el nivell interpersonal (pragmàtic) de la gramàtica mitjançant l'establiment de diverses formes de coherència en cadascuna de les capes que la FDG situa en aquest nivell: la capa dels 'moviments', que regula l'organització textual; la dels 'actes de discurs', que regula l'organització de l'acció; i la dels 'continguts comunicats' i les seves parts, els subactes de 'referènc…
Les Expressions Figées des Verbes Ser et Estar Suivies de Prép X
1996
The present work is based on the methodological setting of the LADL studies. In order to establish the body subject to analysis, we selected only the fixed phrases N0 ser/estar Prep X. In this way, we have collected 1138 expressions involving estar Prep X, and 534 with ser Prep X. In order to classify these expressions, we have grouped them according to the number and form of their complements. As to the part pertaining to semantics, the alphabetical indices have allowed us to establish that, concerning ser and estar, all the formal schemes exists for both Spanish and french, at least under the form of fixed expressions. As to the part concerning translation, we have attempted to mesure the…
Five Ways in Which Computational Modeling Can Help Advance Cognitive Science
2019
Abstract There is a rich tradition of building computational models in cognitive science, but modeling, theoretical, and experimental research are not as tightly integrated as they could be. In this paper, we show that computational techniques—even simple ones that are straightforward to use—can greatly facilitate designing, implementing, and analyzing experiments, and generally help lift research to a new level. We focus on the domain of artificial grammar learning, and we give five concrete examples in this domain for (a) formalizing and clarifying theories, (b) generating stimuli, (c) visualization, (d) model selection, and (e) exploring the hypothesis space.
A Conceptual Restructuring of Spatial Motion Expressions in Chinese L2
2018
This paper focuses on the patterns in the encoding of spatial motion events that play a major role in the acquisition of these type of expressions. The goal is to single out the semantic contribution of the linguistic items which surface in Chinese locative constructions. In this way, we intend to provide learners with an account of the spatial representation encoded in the Chinese language. In fact, Chinese grammar is often perceived as idiosyncratic, thus generating a frustration that turns into learned helplessness (Maier and Seligman, 1976). We will analyze Talmy (2000a,b) framework under the light of investigations such as Landau and Jackendoff (1993), Svenonius (2004, 2006, 2007), and…
Combining Markov Random Fields and Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Synthesis
2016
This paper studies a combination of generative Markov random field (MRF) models and discriminatively trained deep convolutional neural networks (dCNNs) for synthesizing 2D images. The generative MRF acts on higher-levels of a dCNN feature pyramid, controling the image layout at an abstract level. We apply the method to both photographic and non-photo-realistic (artwork) synthesis tasks. The MRF regularizer prevents over-excitation artifacts and reduces implausible feature mixtures common to previous dCNN inversion approaches, permitting synthezing photographic content with increased visual plausibility. Unlike standard MRF-based texture synthesis, the combined system can both match and adap…
Endothelial and neural factors functionally involved in the modulation of noradrenergic vasoconstriction in healthy pig internal mammary artery
2011
The role of endothelial and neural factors as modulators of neurogenic- and noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction was examined in healthy pig internal mammary artery (IMA). Tetrodotoxin-, guanethidine-sensitive electrical field stimulation (EFS)-, and noradrenaline-elicited contractions were significantly diminished by prazosin (n=8, P0.001) and less so by rauwolscine, indicating functional α₁- and α₂-adrenoceptor-mediated noradrenergic innervation of the IMA. Endothelium removal reduced neurogenic (n=8, P0.01) but augmented noradrenaline responses (n=8, P0.01), suggesting the release of two endothelium-dependent factors with opposite effects. In the presence of endothelium, neurogenic and…
A Grammar of Central Trentino
2020
Central Trentino is a Romance dialect spoken in the North-East of Italy, which shows features belonging to both Gallo-Italic and Venetan dialects. Grammar of Central Trentino aims to present the first comprehensive grammatical description of this dialect, taking into consideration its morpho-syntactic properties and pragmatic phenomena. The book's general approach is synchronic and focused on the language currently in use. The authors discuss a wide range of examples gathered from both oral and written sources. The theoretical reference model is that of generative grammar, but the description of the phenomena is also accessible to a non-specialized audience.