Search results for "holism"
showing 10 items of 243 documents
Shared genetic etiology between alcohol dependence and major depressive disorder
2018
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.
Sample size planning of two-arm superiority and noninferiority survival studies with discrete follow-up
2016
In clinical trials using lifetime as primary outcome variable, it is more the rule than the exception that even for patients who are failing in the course of the study, survival time does not become known exactly since follow-up takes place according to a restricted schedule with fixed, possibly long intervals between successive visits. In practice, the discreteness of the data obtained under such circumstances is plainly ignored both in data analysis and in sample size planning of survival time studies. As a framework for analyzing the impact of making no difference between continuous and discrete recording of failure times, we use a scenario in which the partially observed times are assig…
Ketogenic Diet Decreases Alcohol Intake in Adult Male Mice
2021
The classic ketogenic diet is a diet high in fat, low in carbohydrates, and well-adjusted proteins. The reduction in glucose levels induces changes in the body’s metabolism, since the main energy source happens to be ketone bodies. Recent studies have suggested that nutritional interventions may modulate drug addiction. The present work aimed to study the potential effects of a classic ketogenic diet in modulating alcohol consumption and its rewarding effects. Two groups of adult male mice were employed in this study, one exposed to a standard diet (SD, n = 15) and the other to a ketogenic diet (KD, n = 16). When a ketotic state was stable for 7 days, animals were exposed to the oral self-a…
The effects of social anxiety on alcohol and cigarette use across adolescence: Results from a longitudinal twin study in Finland.
2016
Conflicting reports exist on the direction of the relationship between social anxiety (SA) and alcohol/cigarette use (AU/CU) and alcohol/nicotine dependence (AD/ND), with both positive and negative associations reported. A prospective, longitudinal sample of Finnish twins (n = 1,906) was used to test potential explanations for these discrepancies. Specifically, this study used peer, parent, and teacher ratings of SA, and a clinical interview screening item for social anxiety disorder (SAD-Sc) to examine associations between SA and AU/CU and AD/ND from early adolescence into young adulthood. Peer-rated SA was negatively associated with AU, CU, and AD from age 14 through age 22, implying a pr…
Author Correction: Binge Drinking among adolescents is related to the development of Alcohol Use Disorders: results from a Cross-Sectional Study
2018
Binge drinking (BD) is a common pattern of alcohol consumption among adolescents. At present few data are available on the possible relationship between BD and alcohol use disorders (AUD) in adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of BD and relationship between BD behavior and AUD among adolescents. A total of 2704 students attending 10 purposively selected high schools from three Italian provinces were surveyed. Questionnaires regarding socio-demographic data, pattern and amount of alcohol intake, smoking habits, use of illicit drugs, and physical activity were administered. AUD and affective disorders were also evaluated. Alcohol intake was reported by 2126 partici…
Alcohol use and abuse and motivations for drinking and non-drinking among Spanish adolescents: do we know enough when we know parenting style?
2019
Objective: We examine parenting styles (characterized by warmth and strictness, i.e., neglectful, indulgent, authoritarian and authoritative) as either a protective or risk factor for adolescence d...
Childhood Verbal Development and Drinking Behaviors from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: A Discordant Twin-Pair Analysis
2012
BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that better cognitive and verbal abilities in childhood predict earlier experimentation with alcohol and higher levels of drinking in adolescence, whereas poorer ability is related to a higher likelihood of remaining abstinent. Whether individual differences in language development in childhood predict differences in adolescent drinking behaviors has not been studied. METHODS: To address that question, we compared co-twins from twin pairs discordant for their childhood language development and studied associations of parental reports of within-pair differences in age at speaking words, age at learning to read, and expressive language skills during school age with…
Increased Anxiety-Like Behavior and Ethanol Self-Administration in Dependent Rats: Reversal via Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-2 Receptor Activation
2004
Background: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been hypothesized to be one of the main regulators of the stress response observed during alcohol withdrawal. The CRF receptor subtypes seem to have a differential role in the regulation of stress-related behavior. Given the behavioral characterization of these receptors, the objective of the following experiments was to characterize the role of CRF2 receptors in the interaction between alcohol and stress by examining the effects of CRF2 receptor activation in the behavioral stress response and ethanol self-administration during early ethanol withdrawal in dependent rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were made dependent on ethanol via chroni…
Alcohol abuse and insomnia disorder: Focus on a group of night and day workers
2021
The sleep-wake cycle plays a fundamental role in maintaining the physiological balance of our body. Its alteration favours the genesis of several organic alterations and diseases including sleep disorders and the consumption of several substances of abuse. It has been reported that the work activity, especially that carried out during the night, is able to influence the sleep-wake cycle, promoting the development of insomnia, which, in turn, would subject the worker to a stressful condition such as to encourage adverse behaviour such as the use/abuse of psychotropic substances. Based on the above premises, the aim of our research was to evaluate, in night workers: (i) the pattern of consump…
People with Alcohol Use Disorders in Specialized Care in Eight Different European Countries
2015
Aim: To provide a description of patients receiving alcohol treatment in eight different European countries, including the level of comorbidities and functional limitations. Methods: Drinking behaviours, DSM-IV alcohol use disorder (AUD), mental and somatic comorbidities, disability and health services utilization of 1767 patients from various specialized treatment settings were assessed as representative for regions of eight European countries. Severity of alcohol dependence (AD) in terms of drinking level was compared with a large representative US sample. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2015, 1–9 doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agv009 Article © The Author 2015. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford Universi…