Search results for "host"
showing 10 items of 1982 documents
Do we really know the predictors of competence-creating R&D subsidiaries? Uncovering the mediation of dual network embeddedness
2017
Abstract Many changes have been recorded in the R&D role played by the foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs), to the extent that today many are recognised as key players in the development of firm innovation-related competences. Given this trend, we examine the predictors of a subsidiary's R&D role as a competence-creating contributor to the MNC's long-term success. Traditionally, the predictors of subsidiaries' R&D roles have been sought in the specific features of the internal corporate and external host-country environments. However, we find that favourable corporate- and country-level conditions may not necessarily lead to the enhancement of a subsidiary's R&D role u…
Reflecting on the Tensions of Research Utilization: Understanding the Coupling of Academic and User Knowledge
2018
This paper addresses debate of how research is utilized that questions measuring ‘acts of use’ of research (patents, spin-offs, or license income). A science system is a progressive business where research builds upon diverse existing research and knowledge. The extent of research utilization is determined by the extent to which prior research can feed into research that ultimately leads to acts of use. We use the term ‘knowledge transformers’ to refer to research users that transform academic knowledge into the socio-economic domain, and define ‘usability’ of prior research as the ease with which it may contribute to research that knowledge transformers are able to absorb. We argue that to…
Unique Microbial Catabolic Pathway for the Human Core N-Glycan Constituent Fucosyl-α-1,6-N-Acetylglucosamine-Asparagine
2020
The survival of commensal bacteria in the human gut partially depends on their ability to metabolize host-derived molecules. The use of the glycosidic moiety of N-glycoproteins by bacteria has been reported, but the role of N-glycopeptides or glycoamino acids as the substrates for bacterial growth has not been evaluated. We have identified in Lactobacillus casei strain BL23 a gene cluster (alf-2) involved in the catabolism of the glycoamino acid fucosyl-α-1,6-N-GlcNAc-Asn (6′FN-Asn), a constituent of the core-fucosylated structures of mammalian N-glycoproteins. The cluster consists of the genes alfHC, encoding a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) permease and the α-l-fucosidase AlfC, and t…
Interspecific associations among larval helminths in fish
2001
Various processes can generate associations between the larvae of different helminth species in their fish intermediate or paratenic host. We investigated the pairwise associations among larval helminth species in eight different fish populations, using two different coefficients of associations, in order to determine in what situations they are strongest. All helminth species included use the fish studied as either their second intermediate host or their paratenic host, and are acquired by the fish when it ingests an infected first intermediate host. The intensity of infection correlated positively with fish length for most helminth species. Pairs of species which both exhibited positive c…
Factors affecting abundance of Triaenophorus infection in Cyclops strenuus, and parasite-induced changes in host fitness.
2000
Factors affecting the abundance of Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus procercoids in their copepod first intermediate host, Cyclops strenuus, and effects of infection on feeding behaviour, reproduction and survival of the host were studied experimentally. When exposed to the same number of coracidia, copepods harboured considerably less procercoids in the trials where ciliates or Artemia salina nauplii were given as alternative food items. The prevalence of infection was higher in adult copepods as compared with copepodite stage IV and stage V, and higher in stage V than in stage IV. The prevalences in adult females and males did not differ significantly from each other. The …
Quality attracts parasites: host condition‐dependent chemo‐orientation of trematode larvae
2015
Summary Environmental factors impairing physiological condition of organisms are assumed to predispose them to parasite infections. This is because host immune function is typically condition-dependent. However, poor physiological condition has been reported to reduce host susceptibility to parasites in various systems. We examined whether such an effect can be due to altered exposure of hosts to active parasite transmission stages by investigating chemo-orientation of free-swimming cercariae larvae of a parasite Echinoparyphium aconiatum towards its snail host Lymnaea stagnalis. We used both long-term and short-term feeding treatments to manipulate the body condition and physiological trai…
Übertragung von Verhaltensweisen durch Transplantation von Anlagen neuroanatomischer Strukturen bei Amphibienlarven: I. Xenoplastischer Austausch von…
2010
By transplantation of parts of the neural plate (latter medulla oblongata) from Xenopus laevis (Daud.) to Hymenochirus boettgeri (Torn.) larval chimaeras were obtained, which showed donorlike rhythmical movements of the mouth and pharyngeal region, movements which the host species lacks. Nevertheless, some of these tadpoles were still able to catch small prey in a reaction which is typical for the host and lacking in the donor.
New data on the early development of Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda, Anisakidae).
1998
This note reports on incidental observations of the early development of the third-stage larvae of Hysterothylacium aduncum from gadid fishes. Gravid H. aduncum females were collected from Pollachius virens, Pollachius pollachius. Gadus morhua, and Molva molva in Norwegian waters. The eggs were incubated at 20 per thousand salinity and 5 C. Spontaneous hatching of third-stage larvae was observed 10-25 days after egg deposition. These larvae were long lived and could infect Acartia tonsa copepods, the infections being maintained for up to 34 days. The morphology of the third-stage larvae in the copepods and some traits of the life cycle were similar to those reported in previous studies. How…
Parasite transmission in aquatic ecosystems under climate change: joint effects of temperature, host behavior and elimination of parasite larvae by p…
2019
AbstractA moderate raise in temperature was suggested to enhance the impact of parasites on aquatic ecosystems. Under higher temperatures, poikilothermic animals (e.g. fish), increase their activity, which can result in a more frequent encounter with parasites. However, temperature increase may also trigger processes counteracting an increased risk of parasitic infections. For instance, removal of free-living stages of parasites by filter-feeding organisms can increase with temperature and potentially mitigate disease risk in ecosystems under climate change.In our study, we aimed to find out whether an increased infection transmission under higher temperatures can be, at least, partly compe…
Oncomiracidial development, survival and swimming behaviour of the monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Van Beneden and Hesse, 1863)
2012
Abstract Oncomiracidial development of Sparicotyle chrysophrii , a monogenean parasite of Sparus aurata , was analysed using 450 eggs. Parasite morphological changes in time, data on hatching success, as well as oncomiracidial survival and swimming behaviour were recorded. Eggs were maintained at 20 °C and exposed to LD 12:12. They were observed under the stereomicroscope every 8 h until they hatched. Thereafter, 155 oncomiracidia were isolated in separate wells and observed every 2 h until their death. Most of the hatchings occurred in a short period of time (approximately 24 h). Hatching success was 87% and the hatching period ranged from 5 to 10 days after deposition, with most of the ha…