Search results for "information processing"

2020

Critical reasoning (CR) when confronted with contradictory information from multiple sources is a crucial ability in a knowledge-based society and digital world. Using information without critically reflecting on the content and its quality may lead to the acceptance of information based on unwarranted claims. Previous personal beliefs are assumed to play a decisive role when it comes to critically differentiating between assertions and claims and warranted knowledge and facts. The role of generic epistemic beliefs on critical stance and attitude in reflectively dealing with information is well researched. Relatively few studies have been conducted on the influence of domain-specific belief…

Ewald Hering und die Gegenfarbtheorie

1996

Ewald Hering's color-opponent-theory is still considered one of the foundations of the visual sciences. Prior to Hering, Hermann v. Helmholtz introduced a theory of color appearance, which was based primarily on the physical aspects of the stimulus. In contrast to Helmholtz, Hering's theory strongly emphasized the subject's perception of color. As a consequence, Hering considered Helmholtz' theory inadequate. Contrary to some historical accounts, he did not object to Helmholtz's three-receptor explanation for color-mixture. Instead of Helmholtz' fundamental colors red, green, and blue, Hering suggested that the colors possess opponent character: blue-yellow; red-green; and, black-white. Hel…

Work redesign: Intervention based on the Social Information Processing Approach

2019

Multitasking in aging: ERP correlates of dual-task costs in young versus low, intermediate, and high performing older adults

2018

Abstract With large inter-individual variability, older adults show a decline in cognitive performance in dual-task situations. Differences in attentional processes, working memory, response selection, and general speed of information processing have been discussed as potential sources of this decline and its between-subject variability. In comparison to young subjects (n = 36, mean age: 25 years), we analyzed the performance of a large group of healthy elderly subjects (n = 138, mean age: 70 years) in a conflicting dual-task situation (PRP paradigm). Based on their dual-task costs (DTCs), the older participants were clustered in three groups of high, medium, and low performing elderly. DTC…

Processing Information During Regressions: An Application of the Reverse Boundary-Change Paradigm.

2018

Although 10-15% of eye-movements during reading are regressions, we still know little about the information that is processed during regressive episodes. Here, we report an eye-movement study that uses what we call the "reverse boundary change technique" to examine the processing of lexical-semantic information during regressions, and to establish the role of this information during recovery from processing difficulty. In the critical condition of the experiment, an initially implausible sentence (e.g. "There was an old house that John had ridden when he was a boy.") was rendered plausible by changing a context word ("house") to a lexical neighbour ("horse") using a gaze-contingent display …

Evaluating End-user Support : Validating the Use of Multiple Media in a CSCW Application

2006

Human-centred views on information systems are gaining more and more attention in IS community. The need to evaluate information systems from such a perspective is thus evident. In this paper, we exploit our earlier developed theoretical framework for evaluating end-user support in information systems, and demonstrate its usage in validating the use of multiple communication and collaboration media in a CSCW application. The evaluation is performed in terms of user perception in ISD process, users’ role in organizational information processing, and users’ behavioural nuances. Our study shows that a context specific theoretical framework is useful in validating the empirical results of syste…

Auditory temporal processing in schizophrenia: high level rather than low level deficits?

2006

INTRODUCTION: Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate a wide range of information processing deficits. Most recent studies argue in favour of high level deficits, including attention and context processing, whereas fewer studies have demonstrated deficits at earlier stages of processing, such as perceptual discrimination and organisation. This is the first study to investigate both high and low level processing, within a single paradigm, in the case of auditory temporal processing in schizophrenia. METHODS: Patients with schizophrenia were compared to controls on a series of tasks involving three auditory temporal processes varying from low to higher level: (1) segregation of a complex sequ…

The Relationship between General Intelligence and Media Use among University Students

2020

Students’ information selection process might be influenced by their choice of media sources, their learning contexts and motivation to use certain media as well as their general intelligence, which is crucial for information processing. This study examines the relationship between the general fluid intelligence and the media use of 709 first-year business & economics students from 44 universities in Germany for two different learning purposes: informing oneself about B&E topics and preparing for lectures and exams. Accordingly, the motivator information seeking is divided into curiosity driven and goal driven information seeking. Three types of media sources were included: common news sour…

Current Guidance during the orientation in career counseling

2010

Abstract Counseling is a complex process encompassing a large wide range of interventions that requires specialized training. Success counseling is provided by the active involvement and responsibility of both parties (counselor and counseled people) in making a genuine alliance based on mutual respect and trust. The concept of career guidance is covered the widest range of activities, take information and evaluation, counseling and education to career and becomes the “umbrella concept” for activities in this area.

Cognitive processes behind the shooter bias: Dissecting response bias, motor preparation and information accumulation

2021

Abstract A rich body of research points to racial biases in so-called police officer dilemma tasks: participants are generally faster and less error-prone to “shoot” (vs. not “shoot”) Black (vs. White) targets. In three experimental (and two supplemental) studies (total N = 914), we aimed at examining the cognitive processes underlying these findings under fully standardized conditions. To be able to dissect a-priori decision bias, biased information processing and motor preparation, we rendered video sequences of virtual avatars that differed in nothing but the tone of their skin. Modeling the data via drift diffusion models revealed that the threat of a social group can be explicitly lear…