Search results for "layer"
showing 10 items of 2667 documents
Bioadhesive monolayer film for the in vitro transdermal delivery of sumatriptan
2006
The work presented here aims to develop a bioadhesive monolayer film containing sumatriptan as adjuvant for the treatment of headache pain in a severe migraine attack. Permeation experiments were performed from the films prepared and from the respective solution, to evaluate the relevant permeation parameters. The effect of the penetration enhancers Transcutol, 2-pyrrolidone, and polyethylene glycol 600 was evaluated. The results obtained show that Transcutol and 2-pyrrolidone decreased sumatriptan permeation from solution, whereas a modest increase was produced by polyethylene glycol 600. The enhancers produced the same effects when they were included in the film. Compared to solution, the…
The influence of Span®20 on stratum corneum lipids in Langmuir monolayers: comparison with Azone®
2000
Recently we have proved that Span 20 has the same enhancer effect as Azone on in vitro percutaneous penetration of lipophilic compounds (logP(oct) from 1.34 to 2.33). The purpose of this work is to study the interactions of Span 20 with stratum corneum lipids monolayers and to compare them with Azone. The surface pressure-area characteristics of Span 20 in mixed monolayers with different model lipids (ceramides, cholesterol, free fatty acids and two mixtures of ceramides+cholesterol, and ceramides+cholesterol+free fatty acids) in similar proportions to that which exists in human stratum corneum lipids were recorded as compression isotherms at 25 degrees C. Azone was also investigated on mon…
An assessment of energy vulnerability in Small Island Developing States
2020
Abstract Small Island Developing States (SIDS) suffer from several structural characteristics that jeopardize their ability to achieve a sustainable energy future. Their reliance on imported fossil fuels exacerbates their exposure to external threats on international energy markets. Their energy systems are also exposed to internal disturbances that disrupt the proper production, transmission and distribution of energy. The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent to which island energy systems are vulnerable to shocks and internal dysfunctions over which they have no control. For this purpose, we build a composite index of energy vulnerability using the Multi-Layer Benefit-of-the-Dou…
A beam finite element for magneto-electro-elastic multilayered composite structures
2012
Abstract A new finite element based upon an elastic equivalent single-layer model for shear deformable and straight magneto-electro-elastic generally laminated beam is presented. The element has six degrees of freedom represented by the displacement components and the cross-section rotation of its two nodes. The magneto-electric boundary conditions enter the discrete problem as work-equivalent forces and moments while the electro-magnetic state characterization constitutes a post-processing step. The element possesses the superconvergence property for the static problem of beams with uniform cross-section and homogenous material properties along the beam axis direction. Moreover, it is free…
The Triple Layered Business Model Canvas Meets the Beekeeping Sector. General and Particular Considerations from the Romanian Industry
2020
Abstract Today, sustainability has been clearly recognized as a necessity at global level by many, and the role of the business environment as a contributor in ensuring sustainability has become more and more acknowledged lately. Several efforts undertaken in this direction were focused on obtaining higher life quality levels and long-term benefits through businesses’ actions. Exploring and understanding agri-businesses from a managerial perspective becomes necessary due to sector’s particularities, but also to the fact that they are generally small enterprises, deeply embedded into their local communities. Beekeeping, as an agricultural branch, has indispensable contributions at societal a…
Multilayer Network Analysis: The Identification of Key Actors in a Sicilian Mafia Operation
2021
Recently, Social Network Analysis studies have led to an improvement and to a generalization of existing tools to networks with multiple subsystems and layers of connectivity. These kind of networks are usually called multilayer networks. Multilayer networks in which each layer shares at least one node with some other layer in the network are called multiplex networks. Being a multiplex network does not require all nodes to exist on every layer. In this paper, we built a criminal multiplex network which concerns an anti-mafia operation called “Montagna” and it is based on the examination of a pre-trial detention order issued on March 14, 2007 by the judge for preliminary investigations of t…
Il progetto di restyling delle società tra avvocati
2014
Reflections of systematic order on the project to redesign the company among the lawyers. The study addresses the issue of social reform among lawyers stressing the urgency in view of the lack of legislation in relation to its articulation in the form of corporations determined by the lapse of the period prescribed by art. 5 l. 247/12 for its implementation. The author offers insight on the problematic issues of the current regulations (Legislative Decree no. 96/2001), namely: i) the extension of the types of company that can be used and its impact on the nature of the problem is and the relationship between the relevant regulations and that of the selected type; ii) the boundaries of the s…
Experiences with the integration of protocol software tools
1996
An analysis of a number of protocol software tools that are widely used in the development of communication protocols in the Finnish telecommunications industry is presented. To analyse the integrated use of these tools, a non-trivial application layer protocol with ACSE, ROSE and a simple presentation layer has been designed and implemented with the help of these software tools. Particular attention has been paid to compose a complete protocol implementation from the fragments produced with separate tools. Our observations clearly indicate that this integration is a major problem with the current practices.
Modulating the luminance of organic light-emitting diodes via optical stimulation of a photochromic molecular monolayer at transparent oxide electrode
2020
Nanoscale 12(9), 5444-5451 (2020). doi:10.1039/D0NR00724B
Porous titania surfaces on titanium with hierarchical macro- and mesoporosities for enhancing cell adhesion, proliferation and mineralization
2014
Titanium received a macroporous titania surface layer by anodization, which contains open pores with average pore diameter around 5 μm. An additional mesoporous titania top layer following the contour of the macropores, of 100-200 nm thickness and with a pore diameter of 10nm, was formed by using the evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method with titanium (IV) tetraethoxide as the precursor. A coherent laminar titania surface layer was thus obtained, creating a hierarchical macro- and mesoporous surface that was characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy. The interfacial bonding between the surface layers and the titanium matrix was characterized by the scratch test that con…