Search results for "meter"

1996

An iterative, approximative procedure is presented, to calibrate the determination of molar masses of polymers with gel-permeation chromatography, additionally using viscometry, and transformations, according to Benoit's concept of universal calibration, even if only polymers with broad molar mass distribution are available. The calculated (intermediate) values of the average molar masses from each step of iteration converge to final values. With at least two fractions of the polymers to be analyzed, and with measured intrinsic viscosities of the fractions, a calibration curve of gel-permeation chromatography and Mark-Houwink's constants can be determined. Assumptions for the use of the cal…

Molecular characterization of α , β -poly(asparthylhydrazide) a new synthetic polymer for biomedical applications

1999

Abstract α , β -Poly(asparthylhydrazide) (PAHy) is a new synthetic polymer that exhibits interesting properties and is a candidate for biomedical applications. In this article the characterization of PAHy polymer by multi-angle laser light scattering (MALS) and single-capillary viscometer (SCV) detectors on-line to a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system is reported. The SEC–MALS–SCV system furnishes exhaustive and consistent characterization of the PAHy polymer. Further, it is possible to characterize the PAHy polymer through conventional SEC and universal calibration. The universal calibration method gives intrinsic viscosity and dispersity very close to those measured by the absolut…

Viscometry of polyelectrolyte solutions: Star-like versus linear poly[[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium iodide] and specific salt effects

2017

Abstract The intrinsic viscosities, [η], of the 3-arm star polyelectrolyte in pure water are for a given molar mass considerably lower than for the linear product because of the higher monomer concentration and charge density in isolated coils. These effects are much more pronounced than in the case of uncharged macromolecules. Extra salt (NaCl, NaI, CaCl2) reduces the solution viscosities of the 3-arm star polymer less than of the linear product. The transition of [η] from the value in pure water to the minimum saturation value at high salt concentrations follows a Boltzmann sigmoid. In saline solvents the changes of the viscosities with rising polymer concentration depend strongly on the …

Polymer-polymer interaction, in the presence of a solvent as measured by viscometry

2001

Dilute solution viscometry experiments have been carried out in five ternary polymer systems solvent(1)/polymer(2)/polymer(3). Values of the specific viscosity of polymer (3) in a ‘binary solvent’ formed by polymer(2) + solvent(1) have been used to determine the compatibility of the polymer blends. Krigbaum and Wall formalism has been used to predict compatibility which relies on an interaction parameter that depends on the concentration, weight fraction and molar mass of each polymer. To reduce the dependences and to clarify the criterion of compatibility, a parameter independent of polymer (3) composition and molar mass has been deduced. This parameter shows the same behaviour with polyme…

Are polymers suitable rock analogs?

2002

To evaluate if a polymer is suitable for analog modeling, it is essential to know the rheological properties of the material. Polymers used in analog modeling exhibit a complex rheological behavior; only part of which has been taken into account in most modeling studies. The mechanical behavior is strongly dependent on strain rate and temperature, and is characterized by specific dependencies of the storage and loss moduli, related to the elasticity and viscosity, on the deformation rate (frequency). We have measured the storage and loss moduli at a broad range of strain rates and strains, using an oscillatory parallel-disk rheometer. Investigated materials are polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), …

Intrinsic viscosities of polyelectrolytes in the absence and in the presence of extra salt: Consequences of the stepwise conversion of dextran into a…

2011

Abstract Viscosities of dilute polymer solutions were measured in capillary viscometers for samples varying in their fraction f of charged units from 0.00 to 0.90. The dependence of the logarithm of the relative viscosity on polymer concentration c is in all cases reproduced quantitatively by three characteristic parameters: [ η ], the intrinsic viscosity; B , a viscometric interaction parameter (related to the Huggins constant); [ η ] , a parameter required only for polyelectrolytes at low concentrations of extra salt. In pure water [ η ] increases more than 80 times as the fraction f rises from zero to 0.90 and [ η ] starts from zero and goes up to ≈71 mL/g. Upon the addition of NaCl [ η …

1991

A new rotational viscometer is presented which can be operated up to 2 000 bar and a maximum shear stress of 420 Pa. It allows, for the first time, to investigate the non-Newtonian flow behaviour of moderately concentrated polymer solutions. Results of measurements with two representatives of the system 2-propanol/poly(butyl methacrylate) with weight-average molecular weights Mw = 520 000 and Mw = 2 050 000, and ratios of weight- to number-average molecular weights Mw/Mn = 1,08 and Mw/Mw = 1,23, resp. in the region of moderate polymer concentrations are reported. For a ca. 7 wt.-% solution of the higher-molecular-weight polymer one obtains viscometric relaxation times τ0 varying from 1 to 1…

1982

The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of a high polymer is calculated from a weakly perturbed Zimm-plot of the classical light scattering on dilute solutions of Gaussian polymer coils (theta state). A typical Zimm-plot is simulated corresponding to the measurements of high accuracy as would be obtained by using the laser photometer described by Hack and Meyerhoff. The accuracy as published by these authors for small dissymmetries is used. Two inversion procedures are described in detail and tested, both of them avoiding the use of an empirical formula for the Laplace image of the calculated MWD. A complete numerical analysis of the results is given. The results are compared with those of …

1985

Viscosity measurements were carried out as a function of pressure and temperature with solutions of 8 wt.-% PVC (Mw ≈ 75 000) in ten thermodynamically good solvents by means of a Searle-type viscometer. A rollingxyhball viscometer was used for the investigation of the pure solvents. In all cases the viscosity increases in a more or less exponential manner when the pressure is raised. The viscosity ratio f1000 = η1000 bar/η1bar can be varied by the choice of the solvent from ca. 2 (tetrahydrofuran) to 3,0 (cyclohexanone) at 40°C. For a constant temperature of 40°C, the volumes of activation for the viscous flow of the solutions, V≠, or f1000 exceed that of the pure solvent, by typically 25%.…

Zero- to Ultralow-Field NMR Spectroscopy of Small Biomolecules.

2021

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a well-established analytical technique used to study chemicals and their transformations. However, high-field NMR spectroscopy necessitates advanced infrastructure, and even cryogen-free benchtop NMR spectrometers cannot be readily assembled from commercially available components. We demonstrate construction of a portable zero-field NMR spectrometer employing a commercially available magnetometer and investigate its applications in analytical chemistry. In particular, J-spectra of small representative biomolecules [13C]-formic acid, [1-13C]-glycine, [2,3-13C]-fumarate, and [1-13C]-d-glucose were acquired, and an approach relying on the prese…