Search results for "nap"

Can clinically relevant histamine release be accurately diagnosed in anaesthetised patients without plasma histamine measurements? Randomised study w…

1998

Food allergy in gastroenterologic diseases: Review of literature

2007

Food allergy is a common and increasing problem worldwide. The newly-found knowledge might provide novel experimental strategies, especially for laboratory diagnosis. Approximately 20% of the population alters their diet for a perceived adverse reaction to food, but the application of double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenge, the “gold standard” for diagnosis of food allergy, shows that questionnaire-based studies overestimate the prevalence of food allergies. The clinical disorders determined by adverse reactions to food can be classified on the basis of immunologic or nonimmunologic mechanisms and the organ system or systems affected. Diagnosis of food allergy is based on clini…

Magnesium and Alzheimer’s Disease

2015

Environmental factors, including nutrition and metal elements, are implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several in vitro and in vivo data indicate a role for magnesium (Mg) in many biological and clinical aspects of AD. Mg deficiency, aside from having a negative impact on the energy production pathways required by the mitochondria to generate adenosine triphosphate, also affects many biochemical mechanisms vital for neuronal properties and synaptic plasticity, including the response of N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors to excitatory amino acids, stability, and viscosity of the cell membrane. Mg also has an action as a mild calcium antagonist, and as an antioxidant …

Carboxyl nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are efficiently glucuronidated by microsomes of the human gastrointestinal tract.

2004

Limited studies have been carried out on the biotransformation of carboxyl nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the liver. However, the role of the intestine in NSAID metabolism has not been investigated. In this report, the contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract from five donors to the glucuronidation of the NSAIDs, RS-ketoprofen, S-naproxen, RS- and S-etodolac, was investigated. UGT activity and, for some donors, mRNA levels were evaluated. All NSAIDs were glucuronidated throughout the GI tract; however, glucuronidation was low in stomach and duodenum as compared to the remainder of the intestine. RT-PCR analysis demonstrat…

Transient focal cerebral ischemia significantly alters not only EAATs but also VGLUTs expression in rats: relevance of changes in reactive astroglia

2010

The involvement of plasma membrane glutamate transporters (EAATs - excitatory aminoacid transporters) in the pathophysiology of ischemia has been widely studied, but little is known about the role of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) in the ischemic process. We analyzed the expression of VGLUT1-3 in the cortex and caudate-putamen of rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Western blot and immunohistochemistry revealed an increase of VGLUT1 signal in cortex and caudate-putamen until 3 days of reperfusion followed by a reduction 7 days after the ischemic insult. By contrast, VGLUT2 and 3 were drastically reduced. Confocal microscopy revealed an increase in VGLUT2…

Hardwiring the Brain: Endocannabinoids Shape Neuronal Connectivity

2007

The roles of endocannabinoid signaling during central nervous system development are unknown. We report that CB 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB 1 Rs) are enriched in the axonal growth cones of γ-aminobutyric acid–containing (GABAergic) interneurons in the rodent cortex during late gestation. Endocannabinoids trigger CB 1 R internalization and elimination from filopodia and induce chemorepulsion and collapse of axonal growth cones of these GABAergic interneurons by activating RhoA. Similarly, endocannabinoids diminish the galvanotropism of Xenopus laevis spinal neurons. These findings, together with the impaired target selection of cortical GABAergic interneurons lacking CB 1 Rs, identify endoc…

Pre- and postsynaptic effects of muscarinic agonists in the guinea-pig ileum

1980

The effects of several muscarinic agonists on smooth muscle (postsynaptic effect) and on acetylcholine release (presynaptic effect) were compared in the longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation of the guinea-pig ileum. 1. For release experiments the acetylcholine stores of the preparation were labelled with 3H-choline. Electrical field stimulation in the absence of a cholinesterase inhibitor caused an outflow of tritium that reflected release of 3H-acetylcholine. The agonists oxotremorine, arecaidinepropargylester, methylfurmethide, muscarine, carbachol, arecoline and pilocarpine inhibited the stimulation-induced outflow in a concentration-dependent manner. At the highest concentrat…

Dofetilide effects on the inhibition by trains of subthreshold conditioning stimuli.

2004

We investigated the electrophysiological actions of dofetilide upon the ventricular myocardium to determine whether the drug modifies the inhibitory effects of subthreshold stimuli trains upon ventricular refractoriness. In nine Langendorff perfused rabbit hearts, ventricular epicardial electrodes were used to determine the following parameters at baseline and during dofetilide perfusion (0.5 micromolar): effective (ERP) and functional (FRP) refractory periods, conduction velocity (CV), wavelength (WL), and ERP prolongation (inhibitory effect) induced by subthreshold stimuli trains (STr) at pulse frequencies of 100, 300, and 600 Hz. Dofetilide significantly prolongs ventricular refractorine…

Chelation of synaptic zinc induces overexcitation in the hilar mossy cells of the rat hippocampus.

2004

Complete removal of synaptic zinc by the chelator dietyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC; 500 mg/kg i.p.) in rat was followed by convulsive behaviour including wet dog shakes alternating immobility. Histological analysis 1 day after DEDTC administration detected expression of heat shock protein in the hippocampus restricted to hilar cells. These cells colocalize the marker for neurons and the glutamate receptor GluR2/3 showing that they are excitatory neurons. Additionally, they projected to the contralateral dentate gyrus. Therefore, they correspond to hilar mossy cells. These data show that the synaptic zinc has a role in normal hippocampus avoiding overexcitation, that would impair functionality e…

Tissue Differences in the Effect of Atropine on the Evoked Release of Acetylcholine

1979

The effect of atropine on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from different peripheral parasympathetically innervated tissues was investigated. My enteric plexus The longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation of the guinea-pig was incubated in eserinecontaining Tyrode solution. The ACh release evoked by high K+ (45 or 108 μ) or by the nicotinic drug dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) (10 pM) was increased by atropine (0.1–10 μ) in a concentration-dependent fashion. Muscarinic agonists (oxotremorine; propargylester of arecaidine) prevented the facilitatory effect of atropine on ACh release. These results suggest that the ACh release from the myenteric plexus is regulated via presynaptic…