Search results for "normative"
showing 10 items of 282 documents
Decision Making in Evolving Artificial Systems
2001
The theme of this workshop is artificial perception. In this chapter we will argue that the ecological function of perception is to serve decision-making. If this is so the mechanisms chosen to implement perception, in natural or artificial systems, will be constrained by the requirements of decision-making and theories of decision-making will inevitably influence theories of perception. In what follows we will look at decision-making from what we hope is a new perspective, applying concepts and techniques developed by what we will call “new artificial intelligence”. We will begin, in the second part of the chapter, with a review of traditional, “normative” theories of decision-making and o…
11. Pathologies of Collective Recognition
2015
This paper maps the theoretical possibilities of what pathologies of collective recognition might be. It argues that collectives have a twofold role in recognition: they can function either as normative frameworks that enable recognition, or as agents of recognition. From this it follows that pathologies of collective recognition can be either systemic or agential. Furthermore, accepting the agential role of collectives opens possibilities for specific forms of pathologies. The paper concludes with remarks on the ontological commitments that need to be made if one wants to understand pathologies of recognition as including collective agents.
"Footnotes in Gaza", El cómic-reportaje como género periodístico
2012
La reciente explosión del cómic de no-ficción se ha visto acompañada del nacimiento de un subgénero que se caracteriza por la narración de contenidos de actualidad. Esta fórmula creativa importa códigos del periodismo para informar sobre hechos reales y con voluntad de veracidad en el relato secuencial. Una circunstancia que sugiere un conflicto teórico frente la tradición normativa del periodismo. Este trabajo investiga la dimensión periodística de estos productos a partir de un caso práctico: el análisis de Footnotes in Gaza. Un cómic premiado en 2010 como mejor trabajo periodístico de investigación por la Fundación Fertel y cuyo autor, Joe Sacco, está considerado uno de los nombres más r…
Znawca języka czy człowiek komunikujący się? O strukturze kompetencji językowo-komunikacyjnej ucznia klas IV–VI szkoły podstawowej wpisanej w podstaw…
2019
The article aims to answer two questions: how the language instruction framework was inscribed into the 2017/2018 Polish language curriculum and what image of the linguistic and communicative competence results from this document. The research method is based on the assumption that these two questions can be answered by analysing the cognitive operators used in the description of specific requirements. The article analyses the operators found in the ‘language instruction’ section of the curriculum. Within the linguistic and communicative competence, the document distinguishes among metalinguistic, analytical, linguistic (including normative and grammar-lexical competences) and communicative…
Some Remarks on the Concept of Toleration
1997
The paper contains a conceptual analysis of “act of toleration” and the property of “being tolerant”. Being tolerant is understood as a dispositional property of persons manifested in what the author calls the “circumstances of toleration”. The main circumstances distinguished are: a tendency to prohibit a certain behaviour and the competence to determine the deontic status of the behaviour in question. An act of toleration, then, consists in not prohibiting (or cancelling the prohibition of) that behaviour. It is argued that this requires the existence of two different normative systems, the “basic system”, and the “justifying system”. Acts of toleration must be based on reasons coming fro…
Seeking Information on Social Commerce: An Examination of the Impact of User- and Marketer-generated Content Through an Eye-tracking Study
2021
Following the growing popularity of social commerce sites, there is an increased interest in understanding how consumers decide what products to purchase based on the available information. Consumers nowadays are confronted with the task of assessing marketer-generated (MGC) as well as user-generated information (UGC) in a range of different forms to make informed purchase-related decisions. This study examines the information types and forms that influence consumers in their decision-making process on social commerce. Building on uses and gratifications and dual-process theories, we distinguish between marketer and user generated content, and differentiate formats into informational and no…
Action and Deontology
2015
This chapter is concerned with the deontology of actions. According to the presented approach, actions and not propositions are deontologically loaded. Norms direct actions and define the circumstances in which actions are permitted, prohibited, or mandated. Norms are therefore viewed as deontological rules of conduct. The definitions of permission, prohibition, and obligatoriness of an action are formulated in terms of the relation of transition of an action system. A typology of atomic norms is presented. To each atomic norm a proposition is associated and called the normative proposition corresponding to this norm. A logical system, the basic deontic logic, is defined and an adequate sem…
The frequent stressor and mental health monitoring-paradigm: a proposal for the operationalization and measurement of resilience and the identificati…
2021
Resilience has been defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during and after times of adversity. How to operationalize resilience and to determine the factors and processes that lead to good long-term mental health outcomes in stressor-exposed individuals is a matter of ongoing debate and of critical importance for the advancement of the field. One of the biggest challenges for implementing an outcome-based definition of resilience in longitudinal observational study designs lies in the fact that real-life adversity is usually unpredictable and that its substantial qualitative as well as temporal variability between subjects often precludes defining circumscribed time …
Coping with School-Related Stress and Family Stress in Healthy and Clinically Referred Adolescents
2001
This study compares stress perception and coping style in 77 early and late adolescents differing in psychological health. Coping with two normative, age-specific stressors, namely, school-related stressors, and conflicts with parents was investigated via the Coping Process Interview, which assesses coping immediately after an event has happened. Results obtained from the interviews were validated by the results of standardized questionnaires assessing stress perception and coping style in dealing with school-related stress and family stress. Both stressors were not perceived as structurally similar events. Differences were obtained with respect to the appraisal of the stressor, causal att…
Oral health counselling in changing schoolchildren's oral hygiene habits: a qualitative study.
2006
Abstract – Objective: This study explored oral health counselling concerning changes of oral hygiene habits in 11- to 13-year-old schoolchildren within a theoretical framework of the transtheoretical model and the motivational interview. Methods: The follow-up data (2002–2003) formed two sequential parts: the first part comprised 66 counselling sessions in 2002; the second part included 31 counselling sessions in 2003. Thirty-one (n = 31) schoolchildren were included in the counselling sessions that were conducted by four dental hygienists. The audiotaped and transcribed data were analysed qualitatively by using content analysis. Results: In 2002, nearly every schoolchild needed to esta…