Search results for "pää"

Paperilta päätteelle : päätetaitto ja toimittajan työn muutokset sanomalehti Keskisuomalaisessa

1998

From print to online : how lifestyle magazine editors-in-chief perceive advertising influence

2015

Tämän pro gradun tarkoituksena on tutkia päätoimittajien näkökulmasta mainonnan vaikutusta lifestyle-lehtiin. Lifestyle-lehdet tekevät palvelujournalismia, joka näkee lukijat kuluttajina. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on myös lisätä tietoutta lifestyle-lehdistä. Tähän tutkimukseen on haastateltu kahdeksaa lifestyle-lehden päätoimittajaa. Teemahaastattelut on analysoitu kahdella tavalla: materiaali on esitetty temaattisella koodauksella ja analyysi on muodostettu narratiivisella lähestymistavalla. Narratiivisessa analyysissa erotettiin päätoimittajien näkemykset mainonnan kertomuksiksi. Lehdet hyväksyvät mainonnan vaikutusyritykset, esimerkiksi mainostajan sponsoroiman tuen ja PR-materiaalin käy…

Vallaton vastuunkantaja? : paikallislehden päätoimittajan valta, vastuu ja suhde työhönsä

2014

Paikallislehden päätoimittajan työssä yhdistyy journalisti, esimies ja talousjohtaja. Päätoimittajan tehtävään kuuluu vastuu lehden sisällöstä, mutta monessa paikallislehdessä päätoimittaja kantaa myös taloudellista vastuuta. Työstä tekee erityisen haastavaa se, että paikallislehti on tiiviissä yhteydessä oman alueensa ihmisiin, eikä päätoimittaja pääse irti roolistaan edes vapaa-ajalla. Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan päätoimittajien suhtautumista omaan työhönsä. Aineisto kerättiin keväällä 2009 lomakekyselyllä, johon vastasi netissä 103 yhdestä kolmeen kertaan viikossa ilmestyvän paikallislehden päätoimittajaa. Kyselyllä selvitettiin päätoimittajan suhtautumista omaan työhönsä monivalint…

Enhancing identification of causal effects by pruning

2018

Causal models communicate our assumptions about causes and effects in real-world phe- nomena. Often the interest lies in the identification of the effect of an action which means deriving an expression from the observed probability distribution for the interventional distribution resulting from the action. In many cases an identifiability algorithm may return a complicated expression that contains variables that are in fact unnecessary. In practice this can lead to additional computational burden and increased bias or inefficiency of estimates when dealing with measurement error or missing data. We present graphical criteria to detect variables which are redundant in identifying causal effe…

Improving identification algorithms in causal inference

2018

Causal models provide a formal approach to the study of causality. One of the most useful features of causal modeling is that it enables one to make causal claims about a phenomenon using observational data alone under suitable conditions. This feature enables the analysis of interventions that may be infeasible to conduct in the real world for practical or ethical reasons. The uncertainty associated with the variables of interest is taken into account by including a probability distribution in the causal model, making it is possible to study the effects of external interventions by examining how this distribution is changed by the action. The probability distribution of a specific variable i…

Adapting Formal Logic for Everyday Mathematics

2022

Although logic is considered central to mathematics and computer science, there is evidence that teaching logic has not been a great success. We identify three issues where what is typically taught conflicts with what is needed by those who are supposed to apply logic. First, what is taught about the notion of implication often disagrees with human intuition. We argue that in some cases human intuition is wrong, and in some others teaching is to blame. Second, the formal concepts of logical consequence, logical equivalence and tautology are not the similar concepts that everyday mathematicians and computer scientists need. The difference is small enough to go unnoticed but big enough to cau…

Why is the hypothetico-deductive (H-D) method in information systems not an H-D method?

2020

The hypothetico-deductive (H-D) method is reported to be common in information systems (IS). In IS, the H-D method is often presented as a Popperian, Hempelian, or natural science method. However, there are many fundamental differences between what Popper or Hempel actually say and what the alleged H-D method per Hempel or per Popper means in IS. To avoid possible misunderstanding and conceptual confusion about the basic philosophical concepts, we explain some of these differences, which are not mentioned in IS literature describing the H-D model. Due to these distinctive differences, the alleged H-D method per Hempel or per Popper in IS cannot be regarded as the H-D model per Hempel or per…

Causality-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Advanced Image Classification and Generation

2023

Smart manufacturing uses emerging deep learning models, and particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), for different industrial diagnostics tasks, e.g., classification, detection, recognition, prediction, synthetic data generation, security, etc., on the basis of image data. In spite of being efficient for these objectives, the majority of current deep learning models lack interpretability and explainability. They can discover features hidden within input data together with their mutual co-occurrence. However, they are weak at discovering and making explicit hidden causalities between the features, which could be the reason behind the parti…

Automated Checking of Flexible Mathematical Reasoning in the Case of Systems of (In)Equations and the Absolute Value Operator

2021

We present an approach and a tool for automatically providing feedback on solutions that involve complicated reasoning patterns. Currently the tool supports linear systems of equations and inequations that may also contain the absolute value operator and a restricted form of rational functions. This suffices for designing problems that are laborious to solve with standard mechanical procedures, but much easier using short-cuts that students may find by creative thinking. Earlier research has found that struggling with important mathematics promotes conceptual development. Our goal is to encourage students to such struggling. A crucial feature is to give them great freedom to choose the path…

Bodily expressions of dominance in children's reasoning : an analysis of multimodal and sociometric data

2015

This case study explores how two Hungarian children argue for their choices in a decision- making task in which they were asked to pick objects useful on a deserted island. The study involves an analysis of the multimodal data of the video-recorded tasks, carried out as pair-work, and sociometric background data that were collected in order to build an initial understanding of the participants’ social relations. The aim of the study is to discover how dominance relations manifest in bodily acts during reasoning. Results show that dominance was expressed by specific embodied strategies such as by taking away objects or replacing them, and that the bodily gestures were closely intertwined wit…