Search results for "pää"
showing 10 items of 880 documents
Causal Effect Identification from Multiple Incomplete Data Sources: A General Search-Based Approach
2021
Causal effect identification considers whether an interventional probability distribution can be uniquely determined without parametric assumptions from measured source distributions and structural knowledge on the generating system. While complete graphical criteria and procedures exist for many identification problems, there are still challenging but important extensions that have not been considered in the literature. To tackle these new settings, we present a search algorithm directly over the rules of do-calculus. Due to generality of do-calculus, the search is capable of taking more advanced data-generating mechanisms into account along with an arbitrary type of both observational and…
Surrogate outcomes and transportability
2019
Identification of causal effects is one of the most fundamental tasks of causal inference. We consider an identifiability problem where some experimental and observational data are available but neither data alone is sufficient for the identification of the causal effect of interest. Instead of the outcome of interest, surrogate outcomes are measured in the experiments. This problem is a generalization of identifiability using surrogate experiments and we label it as surrogate outcome identifiability. We show that the concept of transportability provides a sufficient criteria for determining surrogate outcome identifiability for a large class of queries.
Can visualization alleviate dichotomous thinking? Effects of visual representations on the cliff effect
2021
Common reporting styles for statistical results in scientific articles, such as $p$ p -values and confidence intervals (CI), have been reported to be prone to dichotomous interpretations, especially with respect to the null hypothesis significance testing framework. For example when the $p$ p -value is small enough or the CIs of the mean effects of a studied drug and a placebo are not overlapping, scientists tend to claim significant differences while often disregarding the magnitudes and absolute differences in the effect sizes. This type of reasoning has been shown to be potentially harmful to science. Techniques relying on the visual estimation of the strength of evidence have been recom…
The Influence of Facebook Discussions on Purchase Intention and Word of Mouth
2022
This chapter examines the influence of online consumer discussions on Facebook on purchase intention and word of mouth (WOM). Specifically, it attempts to determine whether Facebook discussions are perceived as credible and how these discussions are linked with behavioural intentions. The first part of this chapter presents a research model linking seven constructs. In the second part, we tested the research model and hypotheses with a sample of 151 consumers from one Facebook group for children’s shoe recommendations. Of the seven hypotheses tested, we found support for six. This chapter concludes by discussing the contributions of the study to both theory and practice, outlining the main …
Kohti sosiaalista pääomaa : toimintatutkimus yhteisöllisen toimintakulttuurin kehittämisprosessista
2013
Tiivistelmä. Hautala, Paula. 2013. Kohti sosiaalista pääomaa. Toimintatutkimus yhteisöllisen toimintakulttuurin kehittämisprosessista. Varhaiskasvatustieteen pro gradu –tutkielma. Kasvatustieteiden laitos. Jyväskylän yliopisto. 95 sivua + liitteet. Nopeasti muuttuva työelämä asettaa uudenlaisia haasteita työntekijöiden osaamiselle. Yhteiskunnan muutokset ajavat organisaatiot tekemään ratkaisuja, joissa korostuu resurssien sijaan yhä enemmän yhteisöllinen oppiminen, niin myös varhaiskasvatuksen työtehtävissä. Päiväkodeissa muutoksia on lähdetty ratkaisemaan rakenne- ja toiminta-ympäristömuutoksilla. Yhteisöjen kyky vuorovaikutukselliseen oppimiseen edistää työntekijän hyvinvointia, mikä puol…
To Calculate or To Follow Others : How Do Information Security Managers Make Investment Decisions?
2019
Economic models of information security investment suggest estimating cost and benefit to make an information security investment decision. However, the intangible nature of information security investment prevents managers from applying costbenefit analysis in practice. Instead, information security managers may follow experts’ recommendations or the practices of other organizations. The present paper examines factors that influence information security managers’ investment decisions from the reputational herding perspective. The study was conducted using survey questionnaire data collected from 106 organizations in Finland. The findings of the study reveal that the ability and reputation …
Stochastic multicriteria evaluation of district heating systems considering the uncertainties
2018
It is of great importance to choose a suitable district heating (DH) system for a specific DH area from the economics, environment and energy (3E) points of view. This is a multicriteria decision making problem, in which the criteria performance values (PVs) and weighting are characterized by uncertain or imprecise information. In this study, seven candidate DH systems are evaluated from the viewpoints of 3E by the stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis (SMAA) method. SMAA is able to handle the uncertainties of the criteria PVs and the weighting at the same time. These uncertainties are very common and typical in real-life, but in most cases are not treated judiciously or just negl…
Robustness, Stability, and Fidelity of Explanations for a Deep Skin Cancer Classification Model
2022
Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent of all cancers. Because of its being widespread and externally observable, there is a potential that machine learning models integrated into artificial intelligence systems will allow self-screening and automatic analysis in the future. Especially, the recent success of various deep machine learning models shows promise that, in the future, patients could self-analyse their external signs of skin cancer by uploading pictures of these signs to an artificial intelligence system, which runs such a deep learning model and returns the classification results. However, both patients and dermatologists, who might use such a system to aid their work, need to …
Nanovised Control Flow Attestation
2022
This paper presents an improvement of control flow attestation (C-FLAT) for Linux. C-FLAT is a control attestation system for embedded devices. It was implemented as a software executing in ARM’s TrustZone on bare-metal devices. We extend the design and implementation of C-FLAT through the use of a type 2 Nanovisor in the Linux operating system. We call our improved system “C-FLAT Linux”. Compared to the original C-FLAT, C-FLAT Linux reduces processing overheads and is able to detect the SlowLoris attack. We describe the architecture of C-FLAT Linux and provide extensive measurements of its performance in benchmarks and real-world scenarios. In addition, we demonstrate the…