Search results for "paper industry"

Ecotoxicological status of a watercourse recovering from heavy loading by pulp and paper industry

2013

BOD7 production function of the Finnish pulp and paper industry

2001

Traditional neoclassical production theory analyzes the relationship in a production process between inputs and outputs which have a positive market value for the producer. The externalities of production, which have nonpositive market values, are discarded or included as the cost in a cost function. This paper studies the relationship between biological oxygen demand (BOD) emissions, an output of nonpositive value, and traditional factors of production, that is, investments, labor, output, and raw materials. An emissions production function is theoretically presented and empirically estimated with data from the Finnish pulp and paper industry. The approach is based on the observation that …

Capacity of various organic residues to support adequate earthworm biomass for vermicomposting

1986

We tested the potential of different kinds and combinations of wastes to support the biomass ofEisenia fetida (Sav.) capable of processing a given amount of waste in a period of ca. 1 month. Mixed miscellaneous wastes and activated sewage sludge mixed with or embedded in sieved pine bark showed capacity to maintain the required biomass for a long period. Wastes were converted into odourless castings of good physical structure, provided that a sufficient population was present from the beginning and fresh waste was added regularly. A horizontally working “worm bed compost” was designed instead of the “load-on-top” principle.

Photocatalytic ozonation under visible light for the remediation of water effluents and its integration with an electro-membrane bioreactor

2018

Abstract Photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation under visible light have been applied for the purification of a complex aqueous matrix such as the grey water of Masdar City (UAE), by using N-doped brookite-rutile catalysts. Preliminary runs on 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) solutions allowed to test the reaction system in the presence of a model pollutant and to afford the relevant kinetic parameters of the process. Subsequently, the remediation of grey water effluent has been evaluated in terms of the reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) and bacterial counts. The concentration of the most abundant inorganic ionic species in the effluent has been also monitored during reaction. Photocatalytic…

Assisted reverse electrodialysis for CO2 electrochemical conversion and treatment of wastewater: A new approach towards more eco-friendly processes u…

2020

Abstract In this paper, the utilization of assisted reverse electrodialysis (A-RED), recently used for pre-desalination, is proposed as a general method to reduce the energy requirements of electrolysis processes and evaluated for two model processes: (i) the cathodic conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid; (ii) the anodic treatment of water contaminated by organics. In A-RED, two solutions with different salt content and an external potential difference, applied in the direction of the natural salinity gradient, are both used to drive redox processes. It was shown, for the first time, that the cathodic conversion of CO2 to formic acid can be performed by both reverse electrodialysis (…

COMPOSITION OF REFUSE DERIVED FUELS IN LATVIA AND ESTONIA IN COMPARISION WITH WORLDWIDE AVERAGE VALUES

2019

Information about composition of RDF worldwide was collected using literature analysis. RDF samples produced in Latvia and Estonia were collected, those fractional and elemental composition analyzed using standard methods. Comparing obtained results with worldwide data we have found that the quality of local RDFs in general is higher than typical values, while elevated content of chlorine must be mentioned as a problem. Results also show that majority of chlorine in studied samples exists in organic form. Recommendations to overcome this problem have been developed. 

Industrial ecology of the paper industry

1999

Industrial ecology (IE) is a biological concept applied to industrial structures. The basic concepts of IE include regional, intra-firm and product-based waste recycling systems as well as the principle of upward and downward cascading. In best current examples of regional systems, several parties are in an industrial waste re-use symbiosis. Paper industry has learned to arrange the recovery and re-use of its products on distant markets, even up to a level where indications of exceeding optimal recovery and re-use rates already exist through deteriorated fibre and product quality. Such occurrences will take place in certain legislative-economic situations. Paper industry has many cascade le…

Research on Evolution and the Global History of Pulp and Paper Industry: An Introduction

2012

The underlying assumption in the economic history of industries is the deterministic nature of the industry life cycle. That is, industries are assumed to follow a specific life cycle characterized by stages of nascence, growth, maturity and decline apparent in firm numbers, production volume and technological activity. This introduction gives an overview to the theme of this volume: the analysis of the birth, growth, maturity, and finally the decline of the mechanized pulp and paper industry from its inception in the early nineteenth century Europe to its current situation and future prospects in developing markets in Southern America and other regions.

Assessing the gasification potential of five woodchips species by employing a lab-scale fixed-bed downdraft reactor

2015

Abstract This paper is aimed to assess the performance of air blown fixed-bed downdraft gasification of local lignocellulosic biomasses which in perspective of Southern Norway are both available and sustainable. Long rotation forest crops birch, oak and spruce, coupled with energy crops poplar and willow were used as feedstocks. The gasification conditions undertaken were widely varied in-terms of air (∼3.20–4.20 N m3/h) and fuel flow (∼1.70–2.10 kg/h) so that the corresponding equivalence ratio (ER) differed (0.19–0.80) and ultimately reflected to other operational parameters such as bed temperature (∼550–760 °C maximum), producer gas yield (∼1.50–2.30 N m3/kg, wet base), cold gas efficien…

<title>Effects of technological developments in paper manufacturing and recycling: a case study of the Finnish pulp and paper industry</titl…

2001

Technological development is seen as one of the fundamental forces in shaping the modern economies. The effects and the role of technological development are also central questions in many issues of environmental protection. This paper presents the results of a life cycle assessment study of the Finnish pulp an paper industry. Three comparative scenarios are drawn. Two scenarios describe the technological levels and production volumes of 1993 and 1997. A comparison scenario with the production volumes of 1997 and the technological level of 1997 describes the effects avoided by improvements. The results demonstrate that technological development has had considerable effects on the material f…