Search results for "paperi"

Lignin Inter-Diffusion Underlying Improved Mechanical Performance of Hot-Pressed Paper Webs

2021

Broader use of bio-based fibres in packaging becomes possible when the mechanical properties of fibre materials exceed those of conventional paperboard. Hot-pressing provides an efficient method to improve both the wet and dry strength of lignin-containing paper webs. Here we study varied pressing conditions for webs formed with thermomechanical pulp (TMP). The results are compared against similar data for a wide range of other fibre types. In addition to standard strength and structural measurements, we characterise the induced structural changes with X-ray microtomography and scanning electron microscopy. The wet strength generally increases monotonously up to a very high pressing tempera…

Varieties of State Aid and Technological Development: Government Support to the Pulp and Paper Industry, the 1970s to the 1990s

2018

Countries promote the development of pulp and paper industry through industrial, technology and innovation policy measures. Direct interventions and regional and environmental policies, together with more general governmental measures on trade negotiations, taxation, labour policies, and infrastructure development (e.g. roads, energy) have also had an impact on shaping the geographical location of and investments in the pulp and paper industry. This chapter presents an historical overview of government support on pulp and paper industry in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from roughly the 1970s to the 1990s. As the earlier literature suggests, in c…

Paperiliitto ja kilpailukyky-yhteiskunta : Paperilitto suomalaisen yhteiskunnan rakennemuutoksen vuosina 1985-2009

2010

Tutkimuksen tehtävänä on selvittää, miten Paperiliitto on toiminut suomalaisen yhteiskunnan rakennemuutoksen vuosina 1985-2009. 1980-luvulla tehtiin poliittisia päätöksiä, jotka avasivat kotimaisia markkinoita ulkomaiselle kilpailulle ja omistukselle. Suomi otti ensiaskeleita kohti globalisaatiota. Metsäteollisuudessa se johti perinteisten vientiyhdistysten hajoamiseen ja toimialan kansainvälistymiseen. Samalla paperiteollisuuden kotimaiset työpaikat ovat vähentyneet lähes puoleen 1970-luvulta tähän päivään mennessä. Teollisuustyöpaikkojen katoamista voidaan kutsua deindustrialisaatioksi. 1980-luvun puolivälissä myös Suomessa parikymmentä vuotta käynnissä ollut hyvinvointivaltion laajenemin…

Stochastic analysis of the critical velocity of an axially moving cracked elastic plate

2014

In this study, a probabilistic analysis of the critical velocity for an axially moving cracked elastic and isotropic plate is presented. Axially moving materials are commonly used in modelling of manufacturing processes, like paper making and plastic forming. In such systems, the most serious threats to runnability are instability and material fracture, and finding the critical value of velocity is essential for efficiency. In this paper, a formula for the critical velocity is derived under constraints for the probabilities of instability and fracture. The significance of randomness in different model parameters is investigated for parameter ranges typical of paper material and paper machin…

The Quest for Raw Materials in the British Paper Trade : The Development of the Bamboo Pulp and Paper Industry in British India up to 1939

2018

The British paper trade history was defined since the mid-1850s by a quest for a new raw material to replace rags. The requirements of the paper trade were first met by a discovery that esparto grass from Spain, and later from North Africa, could be utilised in British mills. Beginning in the late 1870s, the success of using esparto encouraged mill developments in British India. The increased dependence on imported wood pulp, the likelihood of a pulp famine, and the consequent increase in price for imported wood pulp drew attention to the possibility of making commercial volumes of good quality pulp from indigenous Indian grasses. Bamboo began being treated after the First World War, when t…

LR-NIMBUS : an interactive algorithm for uncertain multiobjective optimization with lightly robust efficient solutions

2022

In this paper, we develop an interactive algorithm to support a decision maker to find a most preferred lightly robust efficient solution when solving uncertain multiobjective optimization problems. It extends the interactive NIMBUS method. The main idea underlying the designed algorithm, called LR-NIMBUS, is to ask the decision maker for a most acceptable (typical) scenario, find an efficient solution for this scenario satisfying the decision maker, and then apply the derived efficient solution to generate a lightly robust efficient solution. The preferences of the decision maker are incorporated through classifying the objective functions. A lightly robust efficient solution is generated …

Live free or die motionless : Walking the migrant path from Italy to France

2018

This essay and the photographs examine visual traces of irregular mobility in the border landscape between Italy and France. The ruined buildings and objects witness decades of movement of undocumented people on this old migrant path across the mountains. By taking the theoretical concept of multidirectional memory (Rothberg 2009) the essay argues that the Path of Hope can be thought of as a memory site through which the issues of migration in contemporary Europe can be seen in a more sustainable light. The ruins and discarded objects link memories of different places – including different border zones – in ways that allow us to critically examine borders as a practice – rather than as exis…

The curl and fluting of paper : The effect of elasto-plasticity

2016

An in-plane elasto-plastic material model and a hygroexpansivity model were ap­plied for paper. The input parameters for both models are fiber orientation and dry solids content. A finite element model was constructed offering possibilities for studying different structural variations of an orthotropic sheet as well as buckling behavior and internal stress situations under through-thickness strain differences. Examples related to the curl and web­fluting phenomena of paper are presented. Both studied cases presented in this paper indicates the usefulness of the hygro-elasto-plastic model in predicting the challenging deformation phe­nomena of orthotropic paper sheets. The application possib…

Ecotoxicological status of a watercourse recovering from heavy loading by pulp and paper industry

2013

Emerging Market Contagion Under Geopolitical Uncertainty

2019

We find that 10 emerging stock markets have high risk of contagion on the regional level but lower spillover with respect to the global markets, implying a potential for diversification benefits between emerging and global markets. Regional market integration seems to have been caused by trade integration, which has a policy implication for trade agreements’ systemic risk effects. We find that the geopolitical risk has no impact on either the return, or volatility spillovers. However, the general stock market risk (VIX) is connected to individual market volatilities, while the oil market is largely receiving the spillovers from the other markets. peerReviewed