Search results for "penetration"

Enhanced tissue penetration of antibodies through pressurized immunohistochemistry

2020

ABSTRACTTo address the inefficiency of passive diffusion for antibody penetration in thick tissue samples, which limits clearing-technique applications, we developed a versatile and simple device to perform antibody incubation under increased barometric pressure. Pressurized immunohistochemistry greatly improves the uniformity, intensity, and depth of fluorescent immunostaining in thick human and mouse brain samples. Furthermore, pressurized immunohistochemistry substantially decreases the time required for classic staining of thin sections.SUBMISSION CATEGORYNew Results

Income Inequality and Technology Diffusion: Evidence from Developing Countries*

2011

We study the effect of within-country income inequality on the diffusion of mobile phones using data on market penetration in a sample of developing countries from 1985 to 1998. Mobile phones are an example of international technology, originating in industrialized countries and diffusing worldwide. We find that income inequality, as measured by the income share of the highest earning deciles, has a positive effect on the early diffusion of mobile phones and that the estimated effect becomes greater when a measure of agricultural endowments is used as an instrument. The instrumental variable results are robust to weak instruments. Our findings suggest that the diffusion of new technologies …

Multi-Frequency Estimation of Canopy Penetration Depths from SMAP/AMSR2 Radiometer and IceSAT Lidar Data

2018

In this study, the $\tau-\omega$ model framework is used to derive extinction coefficient and canopy penetration depths from multi-frequency SMAP and AMSR2 retrievals of vegetation optical depth together with ICESat LiDAR vegetation heights. The vegetation extinction coefficient serves as an indicator of how strong absorption and scattering processes within the canopy attenuate microwaves at $\mathrm{L}$ and C-band. Through inversion of the extinction coefficient, the penetration depth into the canopy can be obtained, which is analyzed on local (Sahel, Illinois) and continental scale (Africa, parts of North America) as well as for a one year time series (04/2015-04/2016). First analyses of …

Bond strength of a new Kevlar fiber-reinforced composite post with semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) matrix

2019

Background This study aimed to evaluate the bond strength and the penetration depth of two adhesive systems to a new experimental semi-IPN fiber post versus a commercial post. Material and Methods Experimental Kevlar fiber (KF) and control everStick®POST (ES) posts (n=20/ group) with a diameter of 1.5 mm were used, 10 posts coated with StickResin (SR) and the other 10 posts coated with Scotch bond multipurpose (SBMP) adhesives. Composite resin buildup was performed over each post, using a cylindrical plastic mold (10 mm × 6 mm). Four discs of 2 mm thickness were prepared from each post/composite buildup and underwent pushout bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min accompanied …

Solid and Semisolid Innovative Formulations Containing Miconazole-Loaded Solid Lipid Microparticles to Promote Drug Entrapment into the Buccal Mucosa

2021

The currently available antifungal therapy for oral candidiasis (OC) has various limita- tions restricting its clinical use, such as short retention time, suboptimal drug concentration and low patients compliance. These issues could be overcome using micro or nanotechnology. In par- ticular, solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) resulted as a particularly promising penetration enhancer carrier for lipophilic drugs, such as the antifungal miconazole (MCZ). Based on these considera- tions, cetyl decanoate (here synthesized without the use of metal catalysis) was employed together with 1-hexadecanol to prepare MCZ-loaded SLMs. These resulted in a powder composed of 45–300 µm diameter solid spheric…

An ethoxylated surfactant enhances the penetration of the sulfated laminarin through leaf cuticle and stomata, leading to increased induced resistanc…

2016

International audience; Some β-1,3-glucans and particularly sulfated laminarin (PS3) are known as resistance inducers (RIs) in grapevine against the downy mildew. However, their efficacy in vineyard is still often too low, which might be caused by a limited penetration through the leaf cuticle following spray application. We used (14) C-sucrose uptake experiments with grapevine leaves in order to select a surfactant as saccharide penetration enhancer. Our results showed that though sucrose foliar uptake was low, it was strongly enhanced by Dehscofix CO125 (DE), a highly ethoxylated surfactant. Fluorescent saccharides were then produced and laser scanning microscopy was used to analyze their…

Impact of RES penetration on the frequency dynamics of the 500 kV vietnamese power system

2019

The increase of renewable energy sources (RES) typically operating as converter-interfaced generation (CIG) is progressively causing a significant change of power systems operation paradigm. The reduction of the overall available kinetic energy and the consequent impact on the dynamic response of the system is a relevant issue currently under investigation in academic and industrial scopes. The work analyzes the impact of different CIG penetration in the three areas of the 500 kV Vietnamese power system, North, Center and South. The system is modified substituting conventional synchronous generation with converter-interfaced generation. The models of power converters and corresponding contr…

Influence of a Crosslinker Containing an Azo Group on the Actuation Properties of a Photoactuating LCE System

2016

Photoactuating liquid crystalline elastomers (LCE) are promising candidates for an application as artificial muscles in microdevices. In this work, we demonstrate that by optimizing (1) the illumination conditions and (2) the mixture of azo monomer and azo crosslinker, thick films of an all-azo LCE can be prepared, which show a strong length change without bending during photoactuation. This becomes possible by working with white light (about 440 nm), whose absorption is low, leading to a large penetration depth. By adding an azo crosslinker to a previously prepared system, several improvements of the actuation properties—like a stronger photoactuation at lower operational temperatures—coul…

PHP39 Explaning Differences in EU5 Market Penetration Levels and Rates of Biosimilars: The Case of Epoetine, Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor, a…

2012

A Study of Power-Frequency Dynamics in Isolated Power Networks with 100% Converter-Interfaced Generation

2020

The operation of a system with 100% converter-interfaced generation poses several questions and challenges regarding various aspects of the dynamic characteristics of the system. The effects related to the power-frequency control are among the most relevant issues which need to be investigated. The paper takes into examination the case of an existing isolated power network of a geographical island assuming a completely converter-interfaced generation. The factors playing a fundamental role in the assessment of which sources should be designated to be grid-forming are identified with a small signal model formulation of a generic multiple oscillators system. Simulations and analysis performed…