Search results for "pessimism"
showing 10 items of 34 documents
Disentangling the effects of optimism and attributions on feelings of success
2014
Two experiments examined the effects of dispositional optimism and attributions on feelings of success in a performance setting. In Experiment 1, participants successfully solved three cognitive tasks and attributed the success either internally (i.e., to themselves) or externally (i.e., to a teammate). We found no effect of optimism, but a significant effect of the attribution: Internal attribution predicted an increase in feelings of success. In Experiment 2, we replicated the design and adopted an extreme groups approach in order to include the extremes of the optimism dimension. Only optimism affected feelings of success in this sample: Pessimistic participants showed higher increases i…
Effects of (un)employment on young couples’ health and life satisfaction
2012
This study investigated effects of employed and unemployed job status on health outcomes with questionnaires in 50 young couples. Analysis of variance revealed higher pessimism, higher stress levels, and lower life satisfaction in couples in which one partner was unemployed. These couples also exhibited more health risk behaviours compared to couples in which both partners were working. The dyadic analysis of data, using an actor-partner interdependence model, demonstrated strong actor and partner effects for male partner's job status. Being unemployed was significantly associated not only with male partner's life satisfaction but also with the life satisfaction of his female partner. In ad…
Unrealistic Optimism in the Time of Coronavirus Pandemic: May It Help to Kill, If So—Whom: Disease or the Person?
2020
Objective: The results of numerous empirical studies have showed the occurrence of so-called unrealistic optimism. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether in the situation of an imminent coronavirus pandemic, people would still perceive themselves as being less exposed to the disease than others. Methods: Survey studies were conducted to examine the level of unrealistic optimism. Participants (n = 171, 67.3% of women) in a subjective way judged the risk of their coronavirus infection and the likelihood that this would happen to an average student of the same sex from their class. The survey was conducted in three waves: prior to the announcement of the first case of coronavirus (2&ndash
Psychometric evaluations of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), based on nine samples
2021
The aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R).The LOT-R was administered in five clinical samples, three samples of the adult general population, and one sample of adolescents. Seven of the studies were performed in Germany and two in Colombia. All of the sample sizes were above 300.Cronbach's alpha coefficients were between .57 and .75 for the eight adult samples, the correlations between the scales optimism and pessimism ranged from -.05 to -.37, and the coefficients of temporal stability (test-retest correlations) of the scales ranged from .43 to .69. There were no systematic age and gender effects observed in the nine studies. …
Predicting presenteeism via effort-reward imbalance and dispositional optimism: Is it the interaction that matters? Results from The Saxony Longitudi…
2019
BACKGROUND The importance of experienced work stress and individual traits as well as their interplay is analyzed with regard to dysfunctional coping behavior in case of sickness. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the predictive capability of effort-reward imbalance (ERI) including overcommitment, meaning the intrinsic propensity in terms of excessive work-related expenditure (OC), in consideration of dispositional optimism/pessimism on presenteeism. METHODS A total of 353 men and women aged 38 from the 25th panel wave of The Saxony Longitudinal Study in 2011 were included in the analysis. Effort-reward imbalance (ERI) including overcommitment was assessed with the Effort-Rewar…
Not Race, but Grace: Presbyterian Missionaries and American Indians, 1837-1893
1980
Race, writes George W. Stocking, Jr., was "a characteristically nineteenthcentury phenomenon." Historians of articulate racial thought in America generally believe that the optimism of the eighteenth century gave way in the nineteenth to pessimism in matters of race. Growing numbers of scientists, and perhaps nonscientists too, came to believe that certain races were innately inferior, retarded by inherited qualities that were unchangeable or changeable only over long periods of time, and that cultural manifestations were the product primarily of biological endowment. By late in the century, according to Stocking, "race and culture were linked in a single evolutionary hierarchy extending fr…
Elämänasenteiden ja -odotusten yhteys fyysiseen toimintakykyyn myöhemmällä iällä
2017
Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää, miten myöhäiskeski-iän elämänasenteet ja -odotukset ovat yhteydessä fyysiseen toimintakykyyn myöhemmällä iällä. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin, ovatko elämänasenteet ja -odotukset yhteydessä fyysiseen toimintakykyyn vielä silloinkin, kun otetaan huomioon muut tunnetut toimintakyvyn riskitekijät, kuten ikä, sukupuoli, sosioekonominen asema ja koettu terveys. Tutkielman aineistona käytettiin Helsingin syntymäkohorttitutkimuksen (The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study) aineistoa vuosilta 2001–2011. Tutkimukseen osallistui 469 miestä ja 604 naista eli yhteensä 1073 tutkittavaa. Osanottajien keski-ikä vuonna 2001 oli noin 61 vuotta. Elämänasenteisiin liit…
Reading and literary training in multicultural contexts. An inclusive educative perspective
2015
This article exposes the potential of reading and literary education in multicultural and multilingual contexts, as well as, recommend its importance not only on the acquisition and development in stable reading habits, but as an essential foundation for the construction of much more equal and democratic societies. Directly opposed to a great numbers of pessimistic voices that alert about the dangers in the increasing migratory movements, and their consequences as migrating students in all the different levels at Spanish schools in the country. Researchers stand for the possibilities of literature and reading didactics in the development and consolidation of reading, literary and intercultu…
Taking Familiar Others’ Perspectives to Regulate Our Own Emotion: An Event-Related Potential Study
2019
Current research on emotion regulation has mainly focused on Gross’s cognitive strategies for regulating negative emotion; however, little attention has been paid to whether social cognitive processes can be used to regulate both positive and negative emotions. We considered perspective-taking as an aspect of social cognition, and investigated whether it would affect one’s own emotional response. The present study used a block paradigm and event-related potential (ERP) technology to explore this question. A 3 (perspective: self vs. pessimistic familiar other vs. optimistic familiar other) × 3 (valence: positive vs. neutral vs. negative) within-group design was employed. Thirty-six college s…
Postcolonial studies and translation theory
2009
La característica diferenciadora que poseen los enfoques postcoloniales en traducción radica en el hecho de que éstos analizan encuentros interculturales que se desarrollan en contextos marcados por desequilibrios en las relaciones de poder y es ahí donde se manifiestan tanto sus virtudes como sus defectos. Su mayor aportación ha sido sacar a la luz el papel del poder en la producción y recepción de traducciones. Sin embargo, se duda de que las teorías postcoloniales puedan aplicarse satisfactoriamente a otros intercambios interlingüísticos en los que las desigualdades en las relaciones de poder sean mínimas. Por otra parte, existe una tendencia generalizada a infravalorar las diferencias e…