Search results for "plasticity"

The mechanically-based approach to 3D non-local linear elasticity theory: Long-range central interactions

2010

Abstract This paper presents the generalization to a three-dimensional (3D) case of a mechanically-based approach to non-local elasticity theory, recently proposed by the authors in a one-dimensional (1D) case. The proposed model assumes that the equilibrium of a volume element is attained by contact forces between adjacent elements and by long-range forces exerted by non-adjacent elements. Specifically, the long-range forces are modelled as central body forces depending on the relative displacement between the centroids of the volume elements, measured along the line connecting the centroids. Further, the long-range forces are assumed to be proportional to a proper, material-dependent, dis…

Microglial involvement in neuroplastic changes following focal brain ischemia in rats.

2009

The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is a complex sequence of events including inflammatory reaction, for which the microglia appears to be a major cellular contributor. However, whether post-ischemic activation of microglial cells has beneficial or detrimental effects remains to be elucidated, in particular on long term brain plasticity events. The objective of our study was to determine, through modulation of post-stroke inflammatory response, to what extent microglial cells are involved in some specific events of neuronal plasticity, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Since microglia is a source of neurotrophic factors, the identification of the brain-derived neurophic factor (BDNF) as…

Beyond the sensorimotor plasticity: cognitive expansion of prism adaptation in healthy individuals.

2016

Sensorimotor plasticity allows us to maintain an efficient motor behavior in reaction to environmental changes. One of the classical models for the study of sensorimotor plasticity is prism adaptation. It consists of pointing to visual targets while wearing prismatic lenses that shift the visual field laterally. The conditions of the development of the plasticity and the sensorimotor after-effects have been extensively studied for more than a century. However, the interest taken in this phenomenon was considerably increased since the demonstration of neglect rehabilitation following prism adaptation by Rossetti and his colleagues in 1998. Mirror effects, i.e. simulation of neglect in health…

Stably BDNF-GFP expressing embryonic stem cells exhibit a BDNF release-dependent enhancement of neuronal differentiation

2013

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to be a crucial regulator of neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain. Furthermore, BDNF positively influences differentiation of embryonic neural precursors as well as of neural stem cells from adult neurogenic niches. To study the impact of cell-released BDNF on neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which represent an attractive source for cell transplantation studies, we have generated BDNF-GFP overexpressing mouse ESC clones by knock-in technology. After neural differentiation in vitro, we observed that BDNF-GFP overexpressing ESC clones gave rise to an increased number of neurons as compared to c…

Exercise, Neuroplasticity, and Growth Factors in Adolescence

2015

Postsynaptic Secretion of BDNF and NT-3 from Hippocampal Neurons Depends on Calcium–Calmodulin Kinase II Signaling and Proceeds via Delayed Fusion Po…

2007

The mammalian neurotrophins (NTs) NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 constitute a family of secreted neuronal growth factors. In addition, NTs are implicated in several forms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Although synaptic secretion of NTs has been described, the intracellular signaling cascades that regulate synaptic secretion of NTs are far from being understood. Analysis of NT secretion at the subcellular level is thus required to resolve the role of presynaptic and postsynaptic NT secretion for synaptic plasticity. Here, we transfected cultures of dissociated rat hippocampal neurons with green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of BDNF and NT-3, respectively, and identified NT vesi…

Intrahippocampal transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells promotes neuroplasticity

2012

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) secrete soluble factors that stimulate the surrounding microenvironment. Such paracrine effects might underlie the potential benefits of many stem cell therapies. We tested the hypothesis that MSC are able to enhance intrinsic cellular plasticity in the adult rat hippocampus.Rat bone marrow-derived MSC were labeled with very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOP), which allowed for non-invasive graft localization by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, MSC were transduced with lentiviral vectors to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The effects of bilateral MSC transplantation on hippocampal cellular plasticity were a…

Functional genomics indicate that schizophrenia may be an adult vascular-ischemic disorder

2015

AbstractIn search for the elusive schizophrenia pathway, candidate genes for the disorder from a discovery sample were localized within the energy-delivering and ischemia protection pathway. To test the adult vascular-ischemic (AVIH) and the competing neurodevelopmental hypothesis (NDH), functional genomic analyses of practically all available schizophrenia-associated genes from candidate gene, genome-wide association and postmortem expression studies were performed. Our results indicate a significant overrepresentation of genes involved in vascular function (P<0.001), vasoregulation (that is, perivascular (P<0.001) and shear stress (P<0.01), cerebral ischemia (P<0.001), neurode…

The endocannabinoid system in anxiety, fear memory and habituation.

2011

Evidence for the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in anxiety and fear has been accumulated, providing leads for novel therapeutic approaches. In anxiety, a bidirectional influence of the ECS has been reported, whereby anxiolytic and anxiogenic responses have been obtained after both increases and decreases of the endocannabinoid tone. The recently developed genetic tools have revealed different but complementary roles for the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor on GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal populations. This dual functionality, together with the plasticity of CB1 receptor expression, particularly on GABAergic neurons, as induced by stressful and rewarding experiences…

Il corpo come opera plastica: Catherine Malabou e le metamorfosi del corporeo

2019

Performance art (like Orlan’s “Carnal Art”) involves artist body in the performance itself and it is based on a clear phenomenological assumption: we “do not have” a body, but we “are” our body, we are our “sculpture”. Fascinated by the enigmas of change, Aesthetics has sought to address the metaphysical question concerning metamorphosis and the problem of identity persistence in change; the solution has been found for centuries in the opposition between essence and appearance: as highlighted by fantastic literature (Ovid, Apuleius, Kafka), in metamorphosis the “substance” remains unchanged and only appearance (or accident) changes. However, the reflection carried out by Catherine Malabou o…