Search results for "private"
showing 10 items of 769 documents
Problematic Woman-to-Woman Family Relations
2006
Family research has mostly concentrated on relationships between parents and children or between women and men. On the other hand, feminist studies have explained problems within woman-to-woman relationships deriving from patriarchy. This article focuses on problematic adult woman-to-woman family relationships. More specifically, it discusses two women's ambivalent emotions narrated and experienced in their problematic female family relationships. The authors suggest that feminist studies should take into account culturally dominant narratives interlinking female subjectivity and responsibility over the private sphere. Ambivalence arises in situations where individuals encounter contradicto…
Social Responsibility Initiative Implementation in the Public Sector in Latvia
2014
The public sector provides many different jobs in Latvia; however, the number of people employed in the public sector is small. Sometimes private sector organisations with a socially responsible culture are more attractive for specialists. The authors propose to evaluate Social Responsibility’s (SR) importance, benefits, and ways of possible implementation for several types of public sector organisations.
 The objective of this paper is to enquire what kind of activities organisations need to carry out to be included in the Sustainability Index rating and overview the possible reasons of difficulties encountered by public organisations.
 The authors describe the structure of the p…
The Peace Treaty of Fredrikshamn and its Aftermath in Sweden and Finland
2010
This article analyses the Peace Treaty of Fredrikshamn (Hamina in Finnish) and its consequences in Sweden and Finland. The Russians set strict preconditions for the commencement of peace negotiations with the Swedes in the summer of 1809. These conditions were realized almost <em>in toto</em> in the final peace treaty, which consisted of just twenty-one articles. In addition to regulations directly related to the ending of hostilities, the main provisions of the agreement entailed huge territorial losses for Sweden, strictly defining the regions it was to cede to Russia, the most important of which was Finland. Sweden was also enjoined to give up its alliance with Britain and to…
Environmental taxation, information precision, and information sharing
2022
We analyze how environmental taxes should be optimally levied when the regulators and firms face costs uncertainties in a Stackelberg-Cournot game. We allow linear-quadratic payoffs functions coupled with an affine information structure encompassing common and private information with noisy signals. In the first period, the regulator chooses the intensity of emissions taxes in order to reduce externalities. In the second period, facing industry-related and firm-specific shocks, firms compete in the marketplace as Cournot rivals and choose outputs. We show that, given costs uncertainties with non-uniform quality of signals across firms, the regulator sets differentiated tax policy. We also e…
Permanent establishment in corporate taxation in the digital era
2020
Digital economy has significantly grew in the past 15 years, and currently it already accounts for more than 50 percent of the whole market capitalization worldwide. There is no longer a need for physical place to generate profits from the particular jurisdiction if business activity is digital. Nonetheless, the international taxation rules of allocating taxation rights for business profits to non-resident jurisdiction has not changed in way to tackle substantial economic presence, without fixed place of business. Thus, resulting in harmful use of permanent establishment principle for tax planning purposes, which has led to profit shifting away from the high-tax jurisdiction to low-tax juri…
Digital age and corporate taxation. European Union on the way to create a unilateral digital taxation regime
2019
The digitalization of the economy has rapidly changed the outlook of the business models today. It is no longer necessary for an entity to be located within a country to generate enormous amounts of revenues deriving from it. At the same time, the corporate taxation principles have not changed in order to adopt to this situation- when establishing the place of taxation they do not take into the consideration where the consumers are located. Thereby, an unfair treatment towards Member States has been created as today large revenues for big tech companies can be created within their territory without having a burden to pay a tax. Answering to the global discussion the European Commission has …
La autopercepción de competencia mediática y su relación con las variables sociodemográficas del profesorado de tres instituciones educativas ubicada…
2020
espanolEl objetivo del estudio fue conocer los niveles de autopercepcion de competencia mediatica y su relacion con las variables sociodemograficas del profesorado de tres instituciones educativas ubicadas en Lima. El metodo fue cuantitativo, el nivel descriptivo correlacional y el diseno no experimental. Se aplico el Cuestionario de autopercepcion sobre competencia mediatica para docentes en formacion asi como un cuestionario de datos para recoger informacion sobre las variables sociodemograficas. El analisis psicometrico del instrumento refiere validez de contenido (acuerdo interjueces por V de Aiken con valores por encima de 0,85 en todos los items) y alta fiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach de…
Participation Costs and Inefficiency in Takeover Contests
2010
We consider a takeover in which risk neutral bidders incur private costs to participate to the auction. Supposing that valuations for target firm are common knowledge, we study the optimal strategy of bidders and analyze the takeover result when they get or not toeholds in the target firm. We found that bidder's decision of participation is endogenous. By analyzing bidder's condition of participation, we found that the probability that the potential bidder with the highest valuation will not participate to the control, exists. We show that this probability increases with the size of toeholds possessed by the bidder with low valuation. Nevertheless, the size of toeholds possessed by the bidd…
Quality and competition between public and private firms
2017
We study a multistage, quality-then-price game between a public firm and a private firm. The market consists of a set of consumers who have different quality valuations. The public firm aims to maximize social surplus, whereas the private firm maximizes profit. In the first stage, both firms simultaneously choose qualities. In the second stage, both firms simultaneously choose prices. Consumers’ quality valuations are drawn from a general distribution. Each firm's unit production cost is an increasing and convex function of quality. There are multiple equilibria. In some, the public firm chooses a low quality, and the private firm chooses a high quality. In others, the opposite is true. We …