Search results for "päättely"

Causal Effect Identification from Multiple Incomplete Data Sources: A General Search-Based Approach

2021

Causal effect identification considers whether an interventional probability distribution can be uniquely determined without parametric assumptions from measured source distributions and structural knowledge on the generating system. While complete graphical criteria and procedures exist for many identification problems, there are still challenging but important extensions that have not been considered in the literature. To tackle these new settings, we present a search algorithm directly over the rules of do-calculus. Due to generality of do-calculus, the search is capable of taking more advanced data-generating mechanisms into account along with an arbitrary type of both observational and…

Surrogate outcomes and transportability

2019

Identification of causal effects is one of the most fundamental tasks of causal inference. We consider an identifiability problem where some experimental and observational data are available but neither data alone is sufficient for the identification of the causal effect of interest. Instead of the outcome of interest, surrogate outcomes are measured in the experiments. This problem is a generalization of identifiability using surrogate experiments and we label it as surrogate outcome identifiability. We show that the concept of transportability provides a sufficient criteria for determining surrogate outcome identifiability for a large class of queries.

Can visualization alleviate dichotomous thinking? Effects of visual representations on the cliff effect

2021

Common reporting styles for statistical results in scientific articles, such as $p$ p -values and confidence intervals (CI), have been reported to be prone to dichotomous interpretations, especially with respect to the null hypothesis significance testing framework. For example when the $p$ p -value is small enough or the CIs of the mean effects of a studied drug and a placebo are not overlapping, scientists tend to claim significant differences while often disregarding the magnitudes and absolute differences in the effect sizes. This type of reasoning has been shown to be potentially harmful to science. Techniques relying on the visual estimation of the strength of evidence have been recom…

Lukiolaisten matemaattinen päättely GeoGebra-avusteisessa tutkivassa matematiikassa

2012

Olley–Pakes productivity decomposition: computation and inference

2016

Summary We show how a moment-based estimation procedure can be used to compute point estimates and standard errors for the two components of the widely used Olley–Pakes decomposition of aggregate (weighted average) productivity. When applied to business level microdata, the procedure allows for autocovariance and heteroscedasticity robust inference and hypothesis testing about, for example, the coevolution of the productivity components in different groups of firms. We provide an application to Finnish firm level data and find that formal statistical inference casts doubt on the conclusions that one might draw on the basis of a visual inspection of the components of the decomposition.

The formal method known as B and a sketch for its implementation

2002

”Tämä ulkopoliittinen linja saattoi olla ratkaiseva niitti” : Historiallinen perusteleminen lukiolaisten teksteissä

2019

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan lukiolaisten historiallista päättelyä tutkivan historian oppimisen viikolla tuotettujen tekstien kautta. Viikon aikana opiskelijat selvittivät ratkaisematonta historiallista tapahtumaa juhannukselta 1957. Tuolloin tasavallan presidentin kesäasuntoa kohti ammuttiin laukauksia, joiden tehtävä oli joko pelotella tai murhata presidentti Urho Kekkonen. Kurssille osallistui 24 opiskelijaa, jotka toimivat seitsemässä ryhmässä analysoiden primääri- ja sekundäärilähteitä ja muodostaen näkemystään Kultarannan tapahtumiin. Aineisto on analysoitu teorialähtöisesti käyttäen Carla van Boxtelin ja Jannet van Drien historiallisen päättelyn kehikkoa. Tulostemme mukaan lukiolaiset …

Kuudesluokkalaiset sananlaskujen ymmärtäjinä : kielellisen päättelyn havainnointia kirjallisten vastausten perusteella

1999

Lesbovanhemmuuden diskursiivinen rakentuminen psykologien ryhmäkeskustelussa

1997

Enhancing identification of causal effects by pruning

2018

Causal models communicate our assumptions about causes and effects in real-world phe- nomena. Often the interest lies in the identification of the effect of an action which means deriving an expression from the observed probability distribution for the interventional distribution resulting from the action. In many cases an identifiability algorithm may return a complicated expression that contains variables that are in fact unnecessary. In practice this can lead to additional computational burden and increased bias or inefficiency of estimates when dealing with measurement error or missing data. We present graphical criteria to detect variables which are redundant in identifying causal effe…