Search results for "redistribution"

Molecular structure of Te(OMe)4.ClTe(OMe)3, a model for ligand exchange between Te(IV) centers.

2001

ClTe(OiPr)3 could be prepared from stoichiometric amounts of TeCl4 and Te(OiPr)4, a reaction that requires the exchange of ligands between different Te centers. Ligand redistribution between telluranes was studied, and rapid exchange of -Cl and -OR (R = Me, iPr) ligands in solutions of several binary mixtures of Te(OMe)4, Te(OiPr)4, ClTe(OMe)3, and ClTe(OMe)3, and ClTe(OiPr)3 was established by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The solid-state structure of Te(OMe)4.ClTe(OMe)3, the first structurally characterized adduct between different telluranes, was investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It exhibits a very short Te-O...Te bridge between the two Te centers and additional Te...O a…

New CpCrCl2(PR3) complexes: physical properties and reduction chemistry

1998

Abstract Compounds CpCrCl2L ( L = PMe 2 Ph , 1 , PMePh 2 , 2 ; PPh 3 , 3 ) have been prepared. Their magnetic moment is in accord with the presence of three unpaired electron and a variable temperature 1H NMR investigation of 1 shows Curie-Weiss behavior. The 1H NMR, EPR and UV-visible spectra are in agreement with those of other previously reported compounds of the same family. An electrochemical investigation shows the accessibility of an irreversible reduction process. A parallel sodium reduction investigation of complexes CpCrCl2L (L = PMe3 and η1-dppe) suggests tjat the reduction process is followed by immediate chloride loss, and then by a ligand redistribution process to afford chrom…

NOVEL TOOLS FOR THE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THIN PLATES AND RELEVANCE ON MEMBRANE-BASED TECHNOLOGIES

2020

Ionic Liquids: Media for Better Molecular Catalysis

2004

Ionic liquids (ILs) are more and more suggested as substitutes for traditional solvents in organic synthesis and catalysis. They are suitable candidates for the dissolution of ionic complexes. They can activate and retain them in a polar state: in fact, they act as sequestrands, opening the route to two-phase processes and easier catalyst recovery. This paper reviews authors' results with the development of new syntheses of ILs and applications in carbon–carbon bond formation (dimerisation of methyl acrylate) and redistribution (ring closing metathesis) reactions using ionic precatalysts.

Food loss and waste in food supply chains. A systematic literature review and framework development approach

2021

Abstract This study examines the state of the art of the literature in the domain of food loss and waste (FLW) in food supply chains (FSC). The authors used a systematic literature review (SLR) approach to examine and synthesise the findings of the existing literature to identify the key research themes, research gaps and avenues of future research on FLW in FSC. To this end, this SLR considered 152 articles relevant for the review. The authors uncovered the extant literature in the domain by presenting the research profile of the selected studies, along with thematic analysis. The authors identified eight key themes from the extant literature. The themes range from factors responsible for …

Pensions, Economic Growth and Welfare in Advanced Economies

2020

In this chapter, we analyse the effects of PAYG and funded pension systems on welfare. The debate on the choice between alternative systems focuses on their effects on savings, capital accumulation, labour supply, economic growth and inequality and the potential benefits of mixed systems in which a PAYG system with notional accounts is complemented by a funded pensions system. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, the redistribution of income among individuals makes the PAYG system an important part of any mixed system. Secondly, the design of the pension system should efficiently balance incentives and distortions with equality and insurance against individual idiosyncratic risks. Thi…

Melt production, redistribution and accumulation in mid-crustal source rocks, with implications for crustal-scale melt transfer

2014

Abstract Ascent of granitic melt initiates under suprasolidus conditions in the mid- to lower crust before continuing through subsolidus rocks to higher crustal levels. Whereas migration of melt in suprasolidus rocks can occur in pervasive net-like structures and involve relatively small melt volumes, ascent through the subsolidus crust requires more focused, dyke-like structures and larger volumes to prevent freezing. Migmatites in the Aus granulite terrain, southern Namibia, preserve evidence that large-scale melt redistribution and accumulation occurred in the near-source region under suprasolidus conditions. Melt that was mainly produced in metapelitic rocks utilised pervasive small-sca…

Is an Increase of the Fiscal Budget at EMU level Desirable?

2005

The birth of the European Monetary Union (EMU) has determined the creation of a common currency, the Euro, but unlike other monetary unions, the EMU does not have a central fiscal authority. The role of fiscal policy is left to the responsibility of the governments of the EMU member States. The new architecture modifies the assignment of the instruments to the objectives, especially those of stabilization. The loss of the sovereignty of monetary policy and exchange rate control by the individual member states has determined the inability to use two important instruments of insurance against the risks of shocks. Moreover, the Treaty of Maastricht and the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) could…

First principles hybrid DFT calculations of BaTiO3/SrTiO3(001) interface

2015

Abstract We present a first-principles study of BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 (001) interfaces taking into account non-stoichiometric compositions. By means of hybrid exchange–correlation functional within density functional theory (DFT) we demonstrate that charge redistribution in the interface region weakly affects the electronic structure of studied material, while change in the stoichiometry (termination of deposited BaTiO 3 (001) thin film) yields in significant shifts of band edges. The optical band gap of BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 (001) interface depends mostly on BaO or TiO 2 termination of the upper layer. Based on results of our calculations we predict enhancement of the Ti–O chemical bond covalency ne…

Operating Modes of Sandwiched Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

2011

Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are promising lighting devices in which the redistribution of ionic charges allows for double electronic carrier injection from air-stable electrodes. Uncertainties about the mode of operation are limiting the progress of these devices. Using fast (with respect to the current growth time) but resolutive electrical measurement techniques, the electronic transport mechanism in state-of-the-art sandwiched devices can be monitored as a function of the operation time. The results indicate the formation of doped transport layers adjacent to the electrodes that reduces the extent of the central neutral light-emitting layer where electronic transport is l…