Search results for "risk reduction"

Development and validation of prediction model to estimate 10-year risk of all-cause mortality using modern statistical learning methods: a large pop…

2021

Abstract Background In increasingly ageing populations, there is an emergent need to develop a robust prediction model for estimating an individual absolute risk for all-cause mortality, so that relevant assessments and interventions can be targeted appropriately. The objective of the study was to derive, evaluate and validate (internally and externally) a risk prediction model allowing rapid estimations of an absolute risk of all-cause mortality in the following 10 years. Methods For the model development, data came from English Longitudinal Study of Ageing study, which comprised 9154 population-representative individuals aged 50–75 years, 1240 (13.5%) of whom died during the 10-year follo…

The Paradigm of Life Extension

2010

What are the roles of calorie restriction and diet quality in promoting healthy longevity?

2014

Epidemiological and experimental data indicate that diet plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many age-associated chronic diseases, and in the biology of aging itself. Data from several animal studies suggest that the degree and time of calorie restriction (CR) onset, the timing of food intake as well as diet composition, play major roles in promoting health and longevity, breaking the old dogma that only calorie intake is important in extending healthy lifespan. Data from human studies indicate that long-term CR with adequate intake of nutrients results in several metabolic adaptations that reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cance…

Mapping child maltreatment risk: a 12-year spatio-temporal analysis of neighborhood influences.

2017

Abstract Background ‘Place’ matters in understanding prevalence variations and inequalities in child maltreatment risk. However, most studies examining ecological variations in child maltreatment risk fail to take into account the implications of the spatial and temporal dimensions of neighborhoods. In this study, we conduct a high-resolution small-area study to analyze the influence of neighborhood characteristics on the spatio-temporal epidemiology of child maltreatment risk. Methods We conducted a 12-year (2004–2015) small-area Bayesian spatio-temporal epidemiological study with all families with child maltreatment protection measures in the city of Valencia, Spain. As neighborhood units…

Factorial structure of recklessness: To what extent are older drivers different?

2003

This study tests whether the original factorial structure of a recklessness questionnaire can be maintained for the current Spanish population of older drivers.Our recent interest in dedicating special attention to senior citizen mobility (Monterde, 2001), is due to the impending increase of the aging population in Western countries; this has led us to reinitiate the psychometric study of the construct validity, revising and including older drivers in the psychometric aspects of those evaluation instruments that will then be used in the Spanish psycho-medical check of drivers and in research.Factorial analysis was used to determine validity.There was an appearance of a different psychologic…

3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-…

2017

Background: \ud Liraglutide 3·0 mg was shown to reduce bodyweight and improve glucose metabolism after the 56-week period of this trial, one of four trials in the SCALE programme. In the 3-year assessment of the SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes trial we aimed to evaluate the proportion of individuals with prediabetes who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.\ud \ud Methods: \ud In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults with prediabetes and a body-mass index of at least 30 kg/m2, or at least 27 kg/m2 with comorbidities, were randomised 2:1, using a telephone or web-based system, to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3·0 mg or matched placebo, as an adjunct to a reduced-…

Multiple primary neoplasms in childhood: data from the German children’s cancer registry

1998

Abstract The German Children’s Cancer Registry (GCCR) has documented all malignancies during the first 15 years of life in Germany since 1980. In a series of 20 388 cancer cases to the end of 1995, 127 children with multiple primary neoplasms up to the age of 15 years were identified. The children were monitored for 82 591 person-years with a mean observation time of 4.1 years. Relative and cumulative risk for the occurrence of second malignant neoplasms were estimated only for the first 15 years of life, as follow-up data beyond childhood are incomplete and valid data on the incidence of cancer in adolescents and adults are not available in Germany. The overall standardised incidence ratio…

Serological evidence for protection by human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 infection against HPV type 16 cervical carcinogenesis

1999

Human papillomavirus (HPV) exists as more than 100 genotypes. It is not well-established whether the different HPV types interfere with infection or pathogenesis by each other. Possible interactions in cervical carcinogenesis between infection with the most common HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18 and 33) were studied in a seroepidemiological case- control study of 218 women with primary untreated cervical cancer and 219 healthy age-matched control women. As previously shown, HPV-16 seropositivity was associated with cervical cancer risk [odds ratio (OR), 2·39], but HPV-16 was not associated with cervical cancer risk among HPV-6 seropositive women (OR, 1·0). The relative excess risk due to interacti…

When and how to treat acute hepatitis C?

2003

Background: Appropriate treatment of acute hepatitis C is still a matter of controversy due to the lack of large controlled trials. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of interferon as treatment for acute hepatitis C by meta-analysis. Methods: MEDLINE search (1985-2002) was supplemented with manual searches of reference lists. Studies were included if they were controlled trials comparing interferon to no treatment and if they included patients with either post-transfusion or sporadic acute hepatitis C. Twelve trials were analyzed (414 patients). The outcome assessed was the sustained virological response (SVR) rate (undetectable hepatitis C virus RNA in serum at least 6 months after cessation…

Association between residential proximity to environmental pollution sources and childhood renal tumors

2016

FI=3.835 (año 2016), Q1 Background: Few risk factors for childhood renal tumors are well established. While a small fraction of cases might be attributable to susceptibility genes and congenital anomalies, the role of environmental factors needs to be assessed. Objectives: To explore the possible association between residential proximity to environmental pollution sources (industrial and urban areas, and agricultural crops) and childhood renal cancer, taking into account industrial groups and toxic substances released. Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study of childhood renal cancer in Spain, including 213 incident cases gathered from the Spanish Registry of Childhood T…