Search results for "rule"
showing 10 items of 1403 documents
Glochidial infection by the endangered Margaritifera margaritifera (Mollusca) increased survival of salmonid host (Pisces) during experimental Flavob…
2021
AbstractCo-infections are common in host-parasite interactions, but studies about their impact on the virulence of parasites/diseases are still scarce. The present study compared mortality induced by a fatal bacterial pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare between brown trout infected with glochidia from the endangered freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera, and uninfected control fish during the parasitic period and after the parasitic period (i.e. glochidia detached) in a laboratory experiment. We hypothesised that glochidial infection would increase host susceptibility to and/or pathogenicity of the bacterial infection. We found that the highly virulent strain of F. columnare c…
Flavobacterium columnare colony types: connection to adhesion and virulence?
2008
Four different colony morphologies were produced by Flavobacterium columnare strains on Shieh agar plate cultures: rhizoid and flat (type 1), non-rhizoid and hard (type 2), round and soft (type 3), and irregularly shaped and soft (type 4). Colonies produced on AO agar differed from these to some extent. The colony types formed on Shieh agar were studied according to molecular characteristics [Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA), and whole cell protein SDS-PAGE profiles], virulence on rainbow trout fingerlings, and adhesion on polystyrene and fish gills. There were no molecular differences between colony types within one strai…
Phage-driven loss of virulence in a fish pathogenic bacterium
2012
Parasites provide a selective pressure during the evolution of their hosts, and mediate a range of effects on ecological communities. Due to their short generation time, host-parasite interactions may also drive the virulence of opportunistic bacteria. This is especially relevant in systems where high densities of hosts and parasites on different trophic levels (e.g. vertebrate hosts, their bacterial pathogens, and virus parasitizing bacteria) co-exist. In farmed salmonid fingerlings, Flavobacterium columnare is an emerging pathogen, and phage that infect F. columnare have been isolated. However, the impact of these phage on their host bacterium is not well understood. To study this, four s…
High osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signalling in Magnaporthe oryzae: Identification of MoYPD1 and its role in osmoregulation, fungicide action, and patho…
2015
AbstractThis study comprises a first functional analysis of an YPD1-homologue in filamentous phytopathogenic fungi and its role in the HOG signalling pathway. We generated a gene deletion mutant of the gene MoYPD1 in Magnaporthe oryzae and characterized the resulting mutant strain. We have shown that MoYpd1p is a component of the phosphorelay system acting in the HOG pathway due to its Y2H protein interaction with the HKs MoHik1p and MoSln1p as well as with the response regulator MoSsk1p. Fungicidal activity of fludioxonil was reported to be based on the inhibition of MoHik1p resulting in hyperactivation of the HOG signalling pathway and lethality. Western analysis proved that both, osmotic…
La problématique de l'Etat de droit en Afrique de l'ouest : analyse comparée de la situation de la Côte d'Ivoire, de la Mauritanie, du Libéria et de …
2009
The question of the Rule of law arises more and more with much acuity in Africa in general and in West Africa in particular. The observable deficit of Rule of law in certain countries of this region is one of the root causes of belligerence and crisis with dramatic consequences: violation of Human rights, desinstitutionalization, refusal of democratic alternation, impunity, poverty, insecurity, etc…Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritania, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are not immune to this. These countries are characterized by particular situations in the light of the crisis they encounter and have encountered, as well as common issues in the long and difficult quest for the establishment of the Rule of Law…
Corporate Governance in Scandinavia
2008
This article addresses the role of formal institutions and informal networks on corporate governance practices. The existing corporate governance literature has mostly examined the formal institutions, such as the effect of legal systems. Our contribution is to consider the effect of informal “small world” characteristics of ownership and board networks. We use the case of Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) to examine these effects. Our empirical results reveal large differences in formal board and ownership structures between the Scandinavian countries, but strong similarities in terms of law enforcement, political stability, government effectiveness, rule of law, control of corrupti…
The role of Components of the Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria in the Serum-Bactericidal Effect
1982
Abstract Effective killing-capacity of normal human and guinea pig sera depended on Ca ++ , C1q, C2 and C4. Fixation- and transfer-tests revealed that C1 and C1q were bound more tightly to the serum-sensitive R-forms of Salmonella strains than to the serum-resistant S-forms. Since all experiments were done in the absence of antibodies these findings provide evidence that the antibody-independent C1-binding is one of the initial reactions of the serum-mediated killing. This reaction seems to be influenced by the sugar-portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPs) of the outer membrane: C1-binding to the bacteria occurs with higher affinity the shorter the LPS-molecule. This indicates that other ou…
Radbruch´s Introduction to the Science of Law as the Spirit of a Time
2021
En este artículo comparo la primera y última edición de la Introducción de la ciencia del derecho de Gustav Radbruch. Me centro en aquellos aspectos que bosquejan su concepto de derecho, a saber, la relación entre derecho y moral, su modelo de Estado y la creación judicial del derecho. El resultado está determinado por la circunstancia vital e histórica de las dos ediciones: la primera publicada antes de la IGM, siendo Radbruch un joven docente en Heidelberg; la última fue redactada ya en la República de Weimar, habiendo ocupado la cartera de Justicia y siendo un reconocido jurista.
Within-host interactions shape virulence-related traits of trematode genotypes
2019
Within‐host interactions between co‐infecting parasites can significantly influence the evolution of key parasite traits, such as virulence (pathogenicity of infection). The type of interaction is expected to predict the direction of selection, with antagonistic interactions favouring more virulent genotypes and synergistic interactions less virulent genotypes. Recently, it has been suggested that virulence can further be affected by the genetic identity of co‐infecting partners (G × G interactions), complicating predictions on disease dynamics. Here, we used a natural host–parasite system including a fish host and a trematode parasite to study the effects of G × G interactions on infection…
Risk assessment of component failure modes and human errors using a new FMECA approach: application in the safety analysis of HDR brachytherapy
2014
Failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) is a safety technique extensively used in many different industrial fields to identify and prevent potential failures. In the application of traditional FMECA, the risk priority number (RPN) is determined to rank the failure modes; however, the method has been criticised for having several weaknesses. Moreover, it is unable to adequately deal with human errors or negligence. In this paper, a new versatile fuzzy rule-based assessment model is proposed to evaluate the RPN index to rank both component failure and human error. The proposed methodology is applied to potential radiological over-exposure of patients during high-dose-rate brach…