Search results for "standard of living"
showing 10 items of 43 documents
DEVELOPMENT OF LATVIAN AUTO ROADS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT
2012
Auto road sector in national economy, is a sector development of which, with appropriate funding, creates basis for other sector development and facilitates competitiveness of country in international market. The goal of auto road sector is auto road network maintenance and development, in order to contribute to the development of the whole country, increase of standards of living of inhabitants, as well as facilitate compliance of Latvian auto roads with the European Union requirements for auto road network. Effective resource utilization and investment attraction to auto road sector is determinant for favorable conditions to overcome economic crisis, structural changes in national econom…
Biological age, health, and health-risk indicators among 25-57-year-old men in two parts of Finland.
1975
Biological age, health and health-risk indicators were examined among 460 systematically chosen men, aged 25–57 years, in two parts of Finland. Morbidity rates and the prevalence of some health-risk indicators were higher and the standard of living lower in North Karelia than in South-West Finland. The index of biological age (IBA) did not show significant differences between the districts and did not correlate with health-risk indicators. People working in physically hard occupations (industrial and mining workers) were found to have more diseases and had higher IBA values than had workers in lighter occupations. The results suggest that both ageing and morbidity are regulated by occupati…
The poverty line and subsistence minimum in Latvia
1994
This article gives a picture of the difficulties of defining poverty and setting up a poverty line in a post-communist country in the period of transition to democracy and a market economy. The ongoing processes are linked with the deterioration of living standards and wellbeing of the population. The government has attempted to protect the population socially, accepting a subsistence minimum and later a crisis subsistence minimum. It is difficult to argue that the activities of the government have been successful and helped much in improving the living standards of the population of Latvia.
The Transformation of Private Space in the Later Middle Ages: Rooms and Living Standards in the Kingdom of Valencia (1280-1450)
2020
This article undertakes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of probate inventories from a selection of towns and highly urbanized areas from the kingdom of Valencia in the period 1280-1460, which are used to explore the inner distribution of more than 300 housings. Agreeing with the historiographical statement that this period was one of general improvement as to living standards and housing, this article reveals Valencian dwellings were provided with more specialized rooms since the late fourteenth century. This phenomenon was present particularly in the residences of townspeople living in large urban centers. Despite the predominant spatial simplicity of most late medieval housings, …
Industrial Mining Tourism Activities
2010
INTRODUCTIONThe diversification of local sources of income is considered to be one of the main paths to achieving development in certain spaces which, due to their special, depressed situation, need a means of economic reactivation. Tour-ism can be considered to provide an effective and complementary method of achieving development as it combines local synergies, fosters employment and improves the standard of living of the residents of these zones. There-fore, tourism has become one way of addressing the socio-economic problems faced by rural areas, and some zones have used tourism as a method of miti-gating problems related to industrial decline (Arwell and Llurdes i Coit 1996; Hospers 20…
Statistical Analysis of the Indicators that have Influenced the Standard of Living in Romania During the Economic Crisis
2015
Abstract As all the countries in the world, Romania is going through a period of large and deep economic, financial and social changes. The negative effects of the economic crisis are well known: Increase of unemployment rate, sharp decrease of incomes because of the imposed political measures and decrease of purchasing power resulting in a decrease of the quality of life. The quality of life may be assessed based on several macroeconomic indicators, such as: GD per capita, population incomes or expenses, population consumption, indicators that are the foundation of the analyses that may help taking decisions regarding the social and economic policies aimed to the increase of the standard o…
Coping with Growth and Emigration: Latvian Labor Market Before and After EU Accession
2007
In 2002-2005, Latvian labor market has witnessed dramatic changes related both to unprecedented economic growth and to a massive outflow of labor force after EU enlargement in May 2004. This study, based on micro-level analysis of Latvian Labor Force surveys 2002-2005, provides a detailed analysis of these changes, with a particular focus on developments which are likely to improve living standards of formerly disadvantaged segments of population. The findings suggest that emerging shortage of labor has led to strong wage growth and reduction of unemployment. The author documents increased employment rates and improvements in labor market position of ethnic minorities, elderly, fixed-term w…
The analysis of poverty in Italy. A fuzzy dynamic approach
2004
The commonly used criterion to sharply separate the poor from the non poor on the basis of a poverty threshold appears to be too severe in comparison with the nature of poverty. The latter is multidimensional in its components (domain) and continue in its states (codomain). Moreover an income-based poverty line allows for a remarkable number of spurious transitions below and over that line, which do not correspond to true variations in household’s standard of living. This study starts from the analysis of common (with crisp states) transition matrices; then a fuzzy multidimensional poverty indicator is built. In conclusion, fuzzy states transition matrices synthesize interpretative content …
Tax Burden, as Determining Factor of Tax Morale in Romania and European Union
2020
Tax burden and tax morale are economic variables that influence each other. Tax morale is one of the basic components of compliance decisions and fiscal pressure expresses the intensity with which revenue from taxpayers is collected from individuals and legal persons. The tax morale determines the taxpayer to voluntarily comply with the declaration and payment of taxes due to the budget. Any form of collection, other than voluntary compliance, entails additional costs that implicitly increase budget expenditures, and consequently reduce the standard of living. The creation and proper functioning of a control system, as well as voluntary compliance are imperative for achieving a high level o…
THE LONG ROAD TO THE INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS: THE RIGHT TO AN ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING
2018
A long road was necessary for economic and social rights to be internationally recognized. In fact, it was only after the Second World War that the protection of human rights, including economic and social rights, became one of the aims of the United Nations. Despite that, this legal protection was by no means made without controversies, especially when it comes to economic and social rights. The fact that most of the articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights refer to civil and political rights corroborates these difficulties. Only articles 22 through 27 protected economic and social rights. The objective of this article is to shed some light into this process, as the Universal …