Search results for "supply"
showing 10 items of 1190 documents
Performance and Organisation of Very Small Firms in the Supply Chain
1993
The authors present some results of an empirical research aimed at investigating the evolution of the relationship between large purchasing firms operating on the international market and very small subcontractor firms. The factors that have proved critical in establishing the process of subcontracting are identified and analysed. Under pressure from the high level of international competition, purchasing firms are beginning to demand better qualified and better skilled subcontractors. For many very small firms it effectively means that they are excluded from the large firms’ production cycle or are relegated to a lower position in the supply chain. There are three possible evolutionary pat…
The Economic Impact of Restricted Water Supply: a Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
2007
Water problems are typically studied at the level of the river catchment. About 70% of all water is used for agriculture, and agricultural products are traded internationally. A full understanding of water use is impossible without understanding the international market for food and related products, such as textiles. The water embedded in commodities is called virtual water. Based on a general equilibrium model, we offer a method for investigating the role of water resources and water scarcity in the context of international trade. We run five alternative scenarios, analyzing the effects of water scarcity due to reduced availability of groundwater. This can be a consequence of physical con…
The Holonic Production System: a Multi Agent Simulation Approach
2010
Today’s turbulent markets are facing unpredictable and sudden variations in demand. In this context, the Holonic Production System (HPS) seems to be able to overcome the operational and economic problems of traditional production systems. The HPS’ ability to adapt and react to business environment changes, whilst maintaining systemic synergies and coordination, leverage on its network organizational structure, assuring both flexibility and profitability. In this paper we study HPS experimentally, modeling holon-firms as agents. In our simulation, holon-firms interact both with each other and with the external environment without predetermined hierarchies and following their own aims and int…
Emulation of 2D Hydrodynamic Flood Simulations at Catchment Scale Using ANN and SVR
2021
Two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models are one of the most widely used tools for flood modeling practices and risk estimation. The 2D models provide accurate results
Economic valuation of environmental benefits from wastewater treatment processes: An empirical approach for Spain
2009
Economic research into the design and implementation of policies for the efficient management of water resources has been emphasized by the European Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC). The efficient implementation of policies to prevent the degradation and depletion of water resources requires determining their value in social and economic terms and incorporating this information into the decision-making process. A process of wastewater treatment has many associated environmental benefits. However, these benefits are often not calculated because they are not set by the market, due to inadequate property rights, the presence of externalities, and the lack of perfect information…
Forest management is associated with physiological stress in an old–growth forest passerine
2003
We investigated how physiological stress in an area-sensitive old-growth forest passerine, the Eurasian treecreeper (Certhia familiaris), is associated with forest fragmentation and forest structure. We found evidence that the concentrations of plasma corticosterone in chicks were higher under poor food supply in dense, young forests than in sparse, old forests. In addition, nestlings in large forest patches had lower corticosterone levels and a better body condition than in small forest patches. In general, corticosterone levels were negatively related to body condition and survival. We also found a decrease in corticosterone levels within the breeding season, which may have been a result …
Intertemporal Substitution in the Spanish Economy: Evidence from Regional Data*
2018
This paper studies the intertemporal substitution in consumption and leisure for the Spanish economy by estimating the first‐order conditions of an individual optimization model with regional and aggregate data. While first‐order conditions determining intertemporal substitution in consumption show a good econometric fit, and the value we obtain for the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is similar to previously available results, the econometric fit of the intertemporal condition in leisure indicates that the behaviour of the Spanish labour supply over the cycle is more complex than can be explained by the canonical intertemporal choice model.
Smart energy users: ICT instruments for the consumer awareness
2015
The European Commission is supporting many projects in the field of energy saving, with the aim to improve user behavior and to help Europe to meet emission targets. In October 2012, the European Union adopted the Energy Efficiency Directive with the aim to reduce the primary energy consumption by 20% by 2020. One key point in the reduction of energy consumption energy is the awareness of final users about their usage of energy. At the same time, policies aimed at improving the efficiency of energy use, are a keystone in the strategies of leading Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and energy retail companies that started to offer, in addition to the energy supply, services and suggestions…
Work Intensity and Labour Supply
2020
AbstractWe develop a model where individuals accumulate fatigue from work intensity when choosing hours worked. Fatigue captures intertemporal costs of labour supply and leads to a utility loss. As fatigue increases, individuals optimally choose to work fewer hours. The model also predicts that if individuals cannot easily shift consumption over time, they will work fewer hours but accumulate more fatigue when work intensity increases. Calibration to 19 European countries provides evidence for the claim that a higher share of the service sector is linked to increasing work fatigue and that public provisions of healthcare improves recovery and mental health.JEL codesE71, I12, J22
Practical Applications of Models of Oxygen Supply, Diffusion, and Consumption
1996
It is the objective of this paper to describe, what models of oxygen supply, diffusion, and consumption have been and can be used for and to discuss some common problems in employing mathematical models of O2 transport. In a first part, four typical fields for model applications are selected from the wide variety of former investigations and are illustrated with some recent examples.