Search results for "testing"

Basics of anatomy

2017

Peripheral nerves contain motor, sensory, and vegetative fibers that are strictly separate, but in close proximity to each other (Figure 1).

Large-scale network functional interactions during distraction and reappraisal in remitted bipolar and unipolar patients.

2017

Objectives The human brain is organized into large-scale networks that dynamically interact with each other. Extensive evidence has shown characteristic changes in certain large-scale networks during transitions from internally directed to externally directed attention. The aim of the present study was to compare these context-dependent network interactions during emotion regulation and to examine potential alterations in remitted unipolar and bipolar disorder patients. Methods We employed a multi-region generalized psychophysiological interactions analysis to quantify connectivity changes during distraction vs reappraisal pair-wise across 90 regions placed throughout the four networks of i…

Oral Solid Dosage Form Disintegration Testing — The Forgotten Test

2014

Since its inception in the 1930s, disintegration testing has become an important quality control (QC) test in pharmaceutical industry, and disintegration test procedures for various dosage forms have been described by the different pharmacopoeias, with harmonization among them still not quite complete. However, because of the fact that complete disintegration does not necessarily imply complete dissolution, much more research has been focused on dissolution rather than on disintegration testing. Nevertheless, owing to its simplicity, disintegration testing seems to be an attractive replacement to dissolution testing as recognized by the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, …

Saliva testing after single and chronic administration of dihydrocodeine.

2001

In the present study, concentrations of dihydrocodeine and its metabolites in saliva and serum were compared after single low-dose and chronic high-dosage administration of the drug. In the first investigation, blood and saliva were collected periodically from six subjects after oral administration of 60 mg dihydrocodeine. In the second study, 20 subjects on oral dihydrocodeine maintenance provided single samples of blood and saliva simultaneously. Serum protein binding of salivary analytes and their recovery from the adsorbing material of the collection device as well as pH values of saliva samples were determined. The fluids were analyzed for dihydrocodeine and the major metabolites by hi…

2015

Drug resistance still impedes successful cancer chemotherapy. A major goal of early concepts in individualized therapy was to develop in vitro tests to predict tumors' drug responsiveness. We have developed an in vitro short-term test based on nucleic acid precursor incorporation to determine clinical drug resistance. This test detects inherent and acquired resistance in vitro and transplantable syngeneic and xenografted tumors in vivo. In several clinical trials, clinical resistance was predictable with more than 90% accuracy, while drug sensitivity was detected with less accuracy (~60%). Remarkably, clinical cross-resistance to numerous drugs (multidrug resistance, broad spectrum resistan…

Effect of thickener on disintegration, dissolution and permeability of common drug products for elderly patients

2019

Dysphagia is a very common problem suffered by elderly patients. The use of thickeners during administration in these patients helps to prevent difficulties with swallowing larger solid dosage forms. However, there are several indications when the thickeners may influence disintegration and dissolution processes of solid dosage forms, potentially affecting therapeutic efficacy. In this paper the effects of a commonly used thickener on tablet disintegration, dissolution and subsequent absorption of 6 formulated drugs frequently used in elderly patients (Aspirin, Atenolol, Acenocumarol, Candesartan, Ramipril and Valsartan) in two different administration conditions (intact tablet and crushed …

Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Liver Tissue from Patients with Suspected Drug-Induced Liver Injury

2015

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is increasingly recognized as a cause of acute hepatitis in the industrialized world. We aimed to determine the frequency of acute Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in cases of suspected drug-induced liver injury (DILI), mainly a diagnosis of exclusion. To this aim, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver tissues of all cases routinely processed in our institute during a 2 ½ years period in which DILI was amongst the differential diagnoses (157 liver biopsies, one liver explant) were subjected to semi-nested RT-PCR for the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA. Histopathology was re-evaluated on all cases tested positive. HEV RNA was detectable in…

Monoclonal antibodies with subnanomolar affinity to tenofovir for monitoring adherence to antiretroviral therapies: from hapten synthesis to prototyp…

2020

Approximately 32 million people have died of HIV infection since the beginning of the outbreak, and 38 million are currently infected. Among strategies adopted by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS to end the AIDS global epidemic, the treatment, diagnosis, and viral suppression of the infected subjects are considered crucial for HIV prevention and transmission. Although several antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are successfully used to manage HIV infection, their efficacy strictly relies on perfect adherence to the therapy, which is seldom achieved. Patient supervision, especially in HIV-endemic, low-resource settings, requires rapid, easy-to-use, and affordable analytical tools, such …

Novel inulin-based mucoadhesive micelles loaded with corticosteroids as potential transcorneal permeation enhancers

2017

In this work a new copolymer of inulin (INU) derivatized with ethylendiamine (EDA) and retinoic acid (RA), named INU-EDA-RA, was synthetized, characterized and employed to produce micelles as carriers for topical administration of corticosteroids for the potential treatment of diseases of posterior eye segment. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed a molar derivatization degree of 11.30 and 4.30% in EDA and RA, respectively. INU-EDA-RA micelles are capable of strong mucoadhesive interactions which result time-independent and stable over time but concentration depending. Moreover micelles are able to encapsulate efficiently from 3 to 13% (w/w) of lipophilic drugs, as dexamethasone, triamcinolone …

Development of a Multiparametric Cell-based Protocol to Screen and Classify the Hepatotoxicity Potential of Drugs

2012

Hepatotoxicity is a major reason for drug nonapprovals and withdrawals. The multiparametric analysis of xenobiotic toxicity at the single cells level using flow cytometry and cellular imaging-based approaches, such as high-content screening (HCS) technology, could play a key role in the detection of toxicity and the classification of compounds based on patterns of cellular injury. This study aimed to develop and validate a practical, reproducible, in vitro multiparametric cell-based protocol to assess those drugs that are potentially hepatotoxic to humans and to suggest their mechanisms of action. The assay was applied to HepG2 human cell line cultured in 96-well plates and exposed to 78 di…