Search results for "toluene"
showing 10 items of 429 documents
Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes in ambient air and Pinus sylvestris L. needles: a comparative study between Belgium, Hungary and Latvia
2001
Abstract Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX) in ambient air and in 1 yr old Pinus sylvestris pine needles were monitored along a busy road, petrol station and rural area of Belgium, Hungary and Latvia in a 1 yr period. To test P. sylvestris as a possible biomonitor for the BTEX concentrations, samples were taken in the four seasons. As the distribution of data was not normal, the level of pollution on different sites and seasons was compared and evaluated by non-parametric tests. The measured air concentrations did not differ significantly from one season to another throughout the year. There were, however, differences between sampling places. The C2-alkylbe…
Toluene self-diffusion in solutions of linear and crosslinked polystyrene
1995
Toluene self-diffusion coefficients in solutions of linear and crosslinked polystyrene (PS) at concentrations up to 30 wt% polymer have been determined over the temperature range 143–230 K using the1H n.m.r. static gradient stimulated echo method. At similar polymer concentrations, the diffusion coefficient values of toluene were higher for mixtures with crosslinked PS than for solutions containing linear PS. On cooling and approaching the solution glass transition, the amplitude decays in diffusion and spin-relaxation measurements become non-exponential and are interpreted in terms of a two-component decomposition. The estimated fraction of the toluene motionally bound to polymer increases…
Living and Controlled Anionic Polymerization of Methacrylates and Acrylates in the Presence of Tetraalkylammonium Halide-Alkylaluminum Complexes in T…
1997
The size of both the cation and the anion of added NR4 X influences the rate of living polymerization of acrylates and methacrylates with alkylaluminum compounds. This controlled reaction, which occurs near to room temperature, provides unimodal polymers with narrow molecular-weight distributions. The complex shown to the right is suggested as a possible active species. R=Me, Et, nBu; R'=Me, Et; X=Cl, Br, I.
On the Dichotomic Behavior of the Z-2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone of 5-Amino-3-benzoyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole with Acids in Toluene and in Dioxane/Water: Rea…
2004
The mononuclear rearrangement (MRH) of the Z-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (4a) and of the Z-phenylhydrazone (4b) of 5-amino-3-benzoyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole into the relevant triazoles 5a and 5b in toluene has been quantitatively investigated in the presence of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and of piperidine at 313.1 K. While the behavior in the presence of piperidine recalls the one previously evidenced for some Z-hydrazones of 3-benzoyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole, the study of the reactivity in the presence of TCA has most interestingly evidenced a general-acid-catalyzed rearrangement for “both” 4a and 4b. Thus, 4a offers the first example of a solvent-dependent dichotomic behavior in MRH processes o…
NMR and Quantum-Chemical Study on the Structure of Ester Enolate−Aluminum Alkyl Complexes as Models of the Active Center in the Anionic Polymerizatio…
1999
6Li and 13C NMR on ethyl α-lithioisobutyrate (EiBLi) and quantum-chemical (DFT) calculations on methyl α-lithioisobutyrate (MiBLi) were used to elucidate the structure of the active center in the anionic polymerization of methacrylates in the presence of triethylaluminum (AlEt3) in toluene. This study reveals ester enolate/aluminum alkyl complexes with different degrees of association, (MiBLi·AlEt3)n (n = 1, 2, 4), and different stoichiometries, MiBLi·xAlEt3 (x = 1, 2). In the presence of methyl pivalate (MPiv), which is taken as a model compound for the monomer and polymer, complexes such as (MiBLi·MPiv·AlEt3)n (n = 1, 2) are formed. These complexes can dissociate into MiBLi·2AlEt3 and MPi…
A friction factor analysis of the coupling between polymer/solvent self- and mutual-diffusion: polystyrene/toluene
1996
The Bearman statistical mechanical theory, which couples the mutual-diffusion and self-diffusion coefficients via friction factors, has been applied to polystyrene/toluene solutions with polystyrene molecular weights of 18 kDa and 900 kDa. Toluene and polystyrene self-diffusion coefficients, obtained from the literature and measured here, along with polystyrene/toluene binary mutual-diffusion coefficients and thermodynamic data, were employed to independently calculate the three friction coefficients (ξ 12 , ξ 11 , and ξ 22 ) required to describe transport within binary solutions. Results reveal that the frequently used geometric mean approximation (GMA) for relating the friction coefficien…
Anionic Monosubstituted Cyclopentadienylsamarium Derivatives: Catalysts for a Stereospecific Isoprene Polymerization
1998
New alkyl and allyl complexes 1–3 {1: [Cp′2Sm(C3H5)]n, Cp′ = Me3CC5H4; 2: [Me4C2(C5H4)2]Sm(C3H5)2Li(dme),dme = (CH3OCH2CH2OCH3); 3: Cp′2SmMe2Li(dioxane)} were synthesized from (Cp′2SmCl)2and from the magnesium derivative [Me4C2(C5H4)2]SmCl · MgCl2(THF)4 (4). The ansa anionic complex 2 exhibited good activity for the stereospecific 1,4-trans polymerization of isoprene, whereas the neutral derivative 1 was inactive. In the same way, the anionic complex [Cp′2SmMe2]Li(dioxane) (3) was found to be an ethylene polymerization catalyst of very short lifetime. The lack of reactivity of 1 is related to the associated structure of this coordinatively unsaturated complex: this fact was established by t…
Alcoholysis of Aluminum Alkyls Supported by Bulky Phenoxide Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and ε-Caprolactone Polymerization Activity of Two D…
2000
Reaction of trialkylaluminum Al2R6 (R = Me, Et) with 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) (mbmpH2) gives the dimeric mono(alkyl) complex [Al(mbmp)R]2 with bridging oxygen atoms. Reaction of [Al(mbmp)R]2 with one equiv. of 2-propanol results in the formation of the dimeric isopropoxide [Al(mbmp)(μ-OiPr)]2. Single-crystal X-ray analysis shows a C2h-symmetric structure with a planar Al2O2 core. Monomeric methylbis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolato)aluminum, AlMe(OC6H2-2,6-tBu2-4-Me)2 (MAD), was found to react with one equiv. of 2-propanol to give a dimeric isopropoxide [AlMe(OC6H2-2,6-tBu2-4-Me)(μ-OiPr)]2 in which the bulky phenolate, instead of the methyl group, has been displaced…
Fragmentation reactions of realgar caused by early transition metal hydrides
2012
Abstract The reaction of realgar with [Cp′2MH3] in boiling toluene gave [Cp′2M2As2S6] (Cp′ = t-BuC5H4; M = Nb: 1; Ta: 2), while [Cp2WH2] (Cp = C5H5) reacted with As4S4 to give [Cp2W(H)(η1-As5S2)] (6). The structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 2 are dimers in which two Cp′M units are symmetrically bridged by a μ,η2:2-AsS3 ligand, a sulfide ligand and a heteroallylic μ,η2:2-AsS2 ligand. The structure of 6 belongs to the type of bent metallocenes in which tungsten is surrounded tetrahedrally by two Cp ligands, a crystallographically found hydride atom and the new As5S2 cage. The reaction of 1 with W(CO)5THF gave [Cp′2Nb2As2S6·W(CO)5] (3) and [Cp′2Nb2As2S6W(CO)3·W…
Interfacial tension between coexisting polymer solutions in mixed solvents and its correlation with bulk thermodynamics: phase equilibria (liquid/gas…
2002
Abstract Vapor pressures, phase equilibria and interfacial tensions σ were measured for solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS, M w [equals]75 kg/mol and M n [equals]50 kg/mol) in mixed solvents of toluene (TL) and ethanol (EtOH) at 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C. The experimental ternary phase diagrams can be modeled quantitatively from the determined concentration and temperature dependent binary interaction parameters χ ij if the experimentally inaccessible composition dependence of χ EtOH/PDMS is adjusted. The relations between σ and the equation of state of the system differ from that applying to single solvents. The exponents as well as the amplitude prefactors of the corresponding scaling l…