Search results for "toluene"
showing 10 items of 429 documents
Formaldehyde: Catalytic Oxidation as a Promising Soft Way of Elimination
2013
International audience; Compared to other molecules such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and chlorinated compounds, the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde has been studied rarely. However, standards for the emission level of this pollutant will become more restrictive because of its extreme toxicity even at very low concentrations in air. As a consequence, the development of a highly efficient process for its selective elimination is needed. Complete catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde into CO2 and H2O using noble-metal-based catalysts is a promising method to convert this pollutant at room temperature, making this process energetically attractive from an industrial point of view. However, th…
Photodegradation of Toluene, m-Xylene, and n-Butyl Acetate and Their Mixtures over TiO2 Catalyst on Glass Fibers
2012
The abatement of typical paint solvent compounds as individuals and in mixtures was carried out in an annular TiO2 supported reactor, for concentrations up to 900 mg C m–3. Two different fiberglass supports were compared, and the catalyst supported over a fiber mat showed better performance, with a lower pressure drop (>35% of reduction) and a slightly higher removal efficiency (about 2%) than that supported over glass wool. For every target compound in the whole range of relative humidity studied (4–75%), the photocatalytic activity increased with the air water content. The removal of the compounds in the binary and ternary mixtures was depressed, even >90% for toluene, compared with indiv…
Microscale Marangoni actuation: All-optical and all-electrical methods
2006
We present experimental results from an all-optical microfluidic platform that may be complimented by a thin film all-electrical network. Using these configurations we have studied the microfluidic convective flow systems of silicone oil, glycerol, and 1,3,5-trinitrotoluene on open surfaces through the production of surface tension gradients derived from thermal gradients. We show that sufficient localized thermal variation can be created utilizing surface plasmons and/or engaging individually addressable resistive thermal elements. Both studies manipulate fluids via Marangoni forces, each having their unique exploitable advantages. Surface plasmon excitation in metal foils are the driving …
Acute toxicity of toluene, hexane, xylene, and benzene to the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus plicatilis.
1992
A large number of studies on the biological effects of oil pollution in the aquatic environment deal with the effects of whole crude or refined oils or their water-soluble fractions. However, low boiling, aromatic hydrocarbons, which are probably the most toxic constituents of oil, have until now not been examined in sufficient detail. Toluene, benzene and xylene, constitute a major component of various oils. They may be readily lost by weathering but are toxic in waters that are relatively stagnant and are chronically polluted. Korn et al. have stated that toluene is more toxic than many other hydrocarbons such as benzene, though the latter are more water-soluble. Report of the effects of …
The Impact of Candle Burning During All Saints’ Day Ceremonies on Ambient Alkyl-Substituted Benzene Concentrations
2013
Research findings concerning benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene, meta-, para- and ortho-xylene as well as styrene (BTEXS) emission at public cemeteries during All Saints’ Day are presented here. Tests were carried out at town-located cemeteries in Opole and Grodków (southern Poland) and, as a benchmark, at the centres of those same towns. The purpose of the study was to estimate BTEXS emissions caused by the candle burning and, equally important to examine, whether emissions generated by the tested sources were similar to the BTEXS emissions generated by road transport. During the festive period, significant increases in benzene concentrations, by 200 % and 144 %, were noted at the cemeteries …
Tetrathiafulvalene-Capped Hybrid Materials for the Optical Detection of Explosives
2013
[EN] Mesoporous silica microparticles capped with TTF moieties and containing a ruthenium dye in the pores were used for the turn-on optical detection of the nitroaromatic explosives Tetryl and TNT via a selective pore uncapping and release of the entrapped dye.
Acid-Promoted Rearrangement of the Metalated Thienyl Rings in Dirhodium(II) Complexes with Thienyl Phosphines as Ligands
2006
Several mono- and bis-cyclometalated compounds have been prepared and characterized from the thermal reaction of dirhodium(II) tetraacetate and tris(2-thienyl)phosphine, P(2-C4H3S)3 (1), in toluene/acetic acid mixtures. In refluxing acetic acid, the mono-cyclometalated compound Rh2(O2CCH3)3[(2-C4H2S)P(2-C4H3S)2] (CH3CO2H)2 (2A) isomerizes to Rh2(O2CCH3)3[(3-C4H2S)P(2-C4H3S)2](CH3CO2H)2 (2B), which results from the selective rearrangement of the metalated ring from a 2-thienyl to a 3-thienyl structure. In the same conditions, the bis-cyclometalated compounds of formula Rh2(O2CCH3)2[(2-C4H2S)P(2-C4H3S)2]2(CH3CO2H)2 and with head-to-tail (3AA) or head-to-head (4AA) configuration of the phosphi…
Novel enantiomerically pure 2-amino-1,4-diols from chiral 4-hydroxymethyl-5-iodo-1,3-oxazin-2-ones
2004
Abstract Reduction of (4 S ,5 S ,6 S )-4-hydroxymethyl-5-iodo-6-methyl-1,3-oxazin-2-one 2a and (4 S ,5 S ,6 R )-4-hydroxymethyl-5-iodo-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazin-2-one 2b with tributyltin hydride in ethanol afforded 1,3-oxazin-2-one 3a and 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one 4b , respectively. Hydrolysis of 3a and 4b under basic conditions led to enantiomerically pure aminodiols 1a and 1b . Reduction of 2b in refluxing toluene led to the unexpected bicyclic tetrahydrofuro[3 a , d ]-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one 5 as the sole product.
Formation of (σ‐Alkenyl)‐ and (μ‐Vinylidene)palladium and ‐platinum Complexes by Oxidative Addition of 4,4‐Dichloro‐1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐azabuta‐1,3‐diene …
2003
4,4-Dichloro-1,1-diphenyl-2-azabuta-1,3-diene (1) oxidatively adds to [Pd(PPh3)4] and [Pt(C2H4)(PPh3)2] giving rise to the σ-alkenyl complexes trans-[MCl{[C(Cl)=C(H)−N=CPh2]}(PPh3)2] (2a: M = Pd; 2b: M = Pt). When 1 is treated with [Pd(PPh3)4] in a 1:2 ratio in refluxing toluene, the dimetallic μ-vinylidene complex [(PPh3)ClPd{μ-[C=C(H)−N=CPh2]}PdCl(PPh3)2] (3) is formed. In this fluxional compound, a PPh3 ligands migrates in a reversible manner between the two Pd centers. Substitution of the PPh3 ligands of 3 by 2 equiv. of Ph2PCH2PPh2 affords the A-frame complex [ClPd(μ-dppm)2{μ-[C=C(H)−N=CPh2]}PdCl] (4). (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Homo‐ and Heteroleptic Hypersilylcuprates — Valuable Reagents for the Synthesis of Molecular Compounds with a Cu−Si Bond
2003
Unsolvated hypersilanides MHyp [Hyp = Si(SiMe3)(3)] of the heavier alkali metals (M-I = Na, K, Cs) react with copper tert-butoxide in toluene to yield crystalline heteroleptic cuprates [M-I(toluene)][tBuOCuHyp]. These cuprates proved to be valuable sources for pure hypersilylcopper and other cuprates bearing hypersilyl ligands such as the di(hypersilyl)cuprates M-I[CuHyp(2)]((C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003).