Search results for "toxin"
showing 10 items of 1434 documents
Contamination of Wheat, Barley, and Maize Seeds with Toxigenic Fusarium Species and Their Mycotoxins in Tunisia
2021
Abstract Background Fusarium is a worldwide distributed fungal genus. It includes different species pathogenic to cereals among others crops. Some of these species can also produce toxic compounds toward animals and humans. Objective In this work, occurrence of fumonisins B1+B2, zearalenone, type A trichothecenes (T-2 and HT-2 toxins), and type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol[DON] and nivalenol[NIV]) was studied in 65 samples of stored and freshly harvested wheat, barley, and maize collected in Tunisia. Methods Mycotoxins analyses were performed by using gas chromatography for type B trichothecenes and HPLC for other mycotoxins. Obtained results were compared with the presence of mycotoxig…
Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy
2015
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is an important disease causing yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. The aim of the work was to detect and characterise trichothecene producing Fusarium species in durum and soft wheat cultivated in an area of central Italy in 2009 and 2010 and to determine trichothecene contamination by LC-MS/MS in the grain. RESULTS F. graminearum s. str. was the most frequent species. In 2009, the occurrence of F. avenaceum and F. poae was higher than in 2010. Among F. graminearum strains, the 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) chemotype could be found more frequently, followed by nivalenol (NIV) and 3-ADON chemotypes, while all F. culmorum isolates bel…
Fumonisin production in rice cultures of Fusarium verticillioides under different incubation conditions using an optimized analytical method.
2004
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) are the main members of a family of mycotoxins produced by various fungal species belonging to the Gibberella fujikuroi complex. The present work shows the results of a comparative study of various clean-up and derivatization procedures for analysis of fumonisins in rice cultures. Fumonisins were extracted from rice with acetonitrile/water (50/50, v/v). For clean-up, three solid-phase extraction procedures were assayed (C18 cartridge, SAX cartridge, and a combination of both). Two reagents (o-phthaldialdehyde and 4-fluoro-7-nitro-benzofurazan) were studied comparatively for formation of fluorescent derivatives. The separation was carried out by LC u…
Simultaneous determination of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat grain from Morocco by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
2014
Abstract In the present study, eighteen (18) mycotoxin produced by the genus Fusarium (fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3), type-B trichothecenes (NIV, DON, FUS-X, 3Ac-DON and 15Ac-DON), type-A trichothecenes (NEO, DAS, T2 and HT2), zearalenone (ZEA), beauvericin (BEA), and enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1)) were monitored in different samples of wheat grain commercialized in Morocco. A liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method previous matrix solid phase dispersion extraction was used for sample analysis. A total of eighty (80) samples of durum wheat were collected in different local markets from several areas in Morocco. Analytical results showed that 54 out …
In vivo toxicity studies of fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade: a review.
2015
This review summarizes the information regarding the in vivo studies of Fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade. The most common studies are classified as subacute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, acute toxicity, toxicokinetic studies and teratogenicity in order of importance. The most used animals in in vivo studies are pigs, rats, chickens and mice. Fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, nivalenol and T-2 toxin are the most studied fusarotoxins. Studies with combinations of mycotoxins are also frequent, deoxynivalenol generally being one of them. The predominant route of administration is oral, administered mostly in the form of naturally contaminated feed. Other administration routes al…
Occurrence and co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat grains and wheat flour from Romania
2017
Abstract In this study, the presence of fourteen Fusarium mycotoxins, legislated by the European Union – deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, HT-2 and T-2 toxins (EC/1881/2006; 2013/165/EU), or non-legislated (five trichothecens and five “emerging” mycotoxins), was evaluated in 31 whole unprocessed wheat samples and 35 white wheat flour samples from different areas of Romania. For this purpose, a validated multi-mycotoxins liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was applied. Seventy three percent of the analyzed samples contained at least one mycotoxin. The highest occurrence was for enniatin B, 71% of the analyzed samples being positive (21–407 μg kg−1). Regarding the legislated myco…
Presence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins in tiger-nuts commercialized in Spain
2012
Abstract Tiger-nuts are tubers from the plant Cyperus esculentus which are commercialized in some regions of West and Central Africa, USA and Spain. These tubers have a high microbial charge such as bacteria, moulds and yeasts which could remain until the finished product. In this study we examined 47 samples of tiger-nut tubers purchased from Spanish supermarkets for contamination with the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins: Enniatins ENs (EN A, EN A1, EN B and EN B1), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FUS). The extraction of the samples was carried out with methanol using an Ultraturrax homogenizer. Mycotoxins were analyzed with a liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a diode array detector…
Nuts and dried fruits: Natural occurrence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins
2013
Abstract The occurrence of enniatins (ENs) and beauvericin (BEA) in nuts, dried fruits and dates available in Valencia (Spain) was surveyed in this study. To do this, seventy-four samples of nuts, dried fruits and dates were analyzed for the determination of mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxins were identified and quantified using an ultrasonic-C18 extraction and LC–MS/MS with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass analyzer. The frequencies of contamination of nuts, shell, dried fruits and dates were 50%, 80%, 35.7% and 83.3%, respectively. Enniatin A (ENA) was the most predominant EN found in nuts (45.2%) while ENB was the most common EN found in dates (58.3%). The analytical results of the shell s…
Antibacterial activity of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins A, A1, A2, B, B1, and B4 on probiotic microorganisms
2014
Abstract Enniatins (ENs) are secondary metabolites produced by several Fusarium strains, chemically characterized as N-methylated cyclohexadepsipeptides. These compounds are known to act as antifungal and antibacterial agents, but they also possess anti-insect and phytotoxic properties. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of pure fractions of the bioactive compounds ENs A, A 1 , A 2 , B, B 1 , and B 4 was tested towards nine probiotic microrganisms, twenty-two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and nine Bacillus subtilis strains. Antimicrobial analyses were carried out the disc-diffusion method using ENs concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20,000 ng. Plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C…
Antifungal activity of gaseous allyl, benzyl and phenyl isothiocyanate in vitro and their use for fumonisins reduction in bread
2013
Abstract Fumonisins (FBs) are toxins produced mainly by the molds Fusarium verticillioides (synonym Fusarium moniliforme ) and Fusarium proliferatum . These mycotoxins are contaminants of wheat, maize, maize-based foods and other grains worldwide. FB 1 , the most abundant and toxic metabolite, is known to cause a range of species-specific toxic responses. It has been associated with a high incidence of esophageal cancer in the Transkei region of South Africa and some provinces of China. In addition, FB 1 has been declared a class 2B carcinogen or “possibly carcinogenic to humans”. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are natural compounds produced by enzymatic conversion of metabolites called glucosinola…