Search results for "vaccines"
showing 10 items of 554 documents
Langerhans cells are negative regulators of the anti-Leishmania response
2011
Langerhans cells suppress the immune response to low-dose Leishmania major infection in part by inducing regulatory T cells.
Chapter 14: HPV vaccine introduction in industrialized countries.
2006
Introduction of a vaccine requires the achievement of three initial milestones. These are licensure by a national control authority that determines the vaccine is safe and effective, development of recommendations for use by expert advisory bodies on immunization, and obtaining funding for vaccination. Once these milestones have been achieved, a successful vaccination program requires that a number of interlinked programmatic components be brought together in a coordinated fashion. These include vaccine purchase and supply, vaccination service delivery, high coverage rates, surveillance of the vaccination program, immunization finance policies and practices, and political will. Human papill…
Chapter 22: Assuring the quality, safety and efficacy of HPV vaccines: The scientific basis of regulatory expectations pre- and post-licensure
2006
The potential of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines will only be realized if the vaccine candidates under development prove to be safe and effective and can be consistently produced to define quality standards. Whilst the responsibility for delivering a safe and effective product rests with the vaccine producer, a vaccine requires a license to allow it to be placed on the market. Licensure is based on an evaluation of the safety and efficacy profile of a vaccine candidate by national regulatory authorities, ideally on the basis of internationally agreed, science-based specifications and procedures. For vaccines, these international specifications are developed by the World Health Organizat…
SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with a normal or abnormal liver.
2020
Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), a novel coronavirus causing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19), with an estimated 22 million people infected worldwide so far although involving primarily the respiratory tract, has a remarkable tropism for the liver and the biliary tract. Patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and no antecedent liver disease may display evidence of cytolytic liver damage, proportional to the severity of COVID‐19 but rarely of clinical significance. The mechanism of hepatocellular injury is unclear and possibly multifactorial. The clinical impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in patients with underlying chronic liver disease, a cohort whose global …
Prevalence of unwillingness and uncertainty to vaccinate against COVID-19 in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
2021
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been shown to have more severe health outcomes in older people specifically in relation to mortality and disability. Vaccination seems to be efficacious and safe for preventing the negative consequences of COVID-19, but vaccine hesitancy seems to be high in older adults. We therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence of unwillingness and the uncertainty to vaccinate against COVID-19 in older people and the factors that can be associated with the unwillingness to vaccinate. For this work, we searched several databases until 18th June 2021 for studies reporting the prevalence of unwillingness and the uncertainty to vaccinate against COVID-19 in pe…
[Vaccination against papillomavirus : arguments and evidence of effectiveness].
2020
Vaccination against papillomavirus: arguments and evidence of effectiveness. Vaccination against human papillomavirus is a major advance in the prevention of cervical cancer. Evidence of its effectiveness has accumulated over the past thirty years since basic research has demonstrated the ability of viral pseudoparticles to induce immune responses in animals. Large human clinical trials followed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of vaccination against targeted HPV infections and their associated lesions. After its approval and marketing the vaccine efficacy was measured at the level of entire populations, confirming its effectiveness and medical interest. Today, models predict a possib…
Systemic RNA delivery to dendritic cells exploits antiviral defence for cancer immunotherapy
2016
Lymphoid organs, in which antigen presenting cells (APCs) are in close proximity to T cells, are the ideal microenvironment for efficient priming and amplification of T-cell responses. However, the systemic delivery of vaccine antigens into dendritic cells (DCs) is hampered by various technical challenges. Here we show that DCs can be targeted precisely and effectively in vivo using intravenously administered RNA-lipoplexes (RNA-LPX) based on well-known lipid carriers by optimally adjusting net charge, without the need for functionalization of particles with molecular ligands. The LPX protects RNA from extracellular ribonucleases and mediates its efficient uptake and expression of the encod…
Mandatory vaccinations in European countries, undocumented information, false news and the impact on vaccination uptake: the position of the Italian …
2018
Abstract Background High rates of vaccination coverage are important in preventing infectious diseases. Enforcing mandatory vaccinations is one of the strategies that some Countries adopted to protect the community when vaccination coverage is not satisfactory. In Italy, in 2017 vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella became compulsory in childhood. In order to contrast vaccination policies, anti-vaccination campaigns contribute to the spread of fake news. Among them, there is the false information that Italy is the only one country with mandatory vaccination policy. Aim of our study is…
Trends of influenza B during the 2010–2016 seasons in 2 regions of north and south Italy: The impact of the vaccine mismatch on influenza immunisatio…
2017
Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for respiratory infections, representing globally seasonal threats to human health. The 2 viral types often co-circulate and influenza B plays an important role in the spread of infection. A 6-year retrospective surveillance study was conducted between 2010 and 2016 in 2 large administrative regions of Italy, located in the north (Liguria) and in the south (Sicily) of the country, to describe the burden and epidemiology of both B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in different healthcare settings. Influenza B viruses were detected in 5 of 6 seasonal outbreaks, exceeding influenza A during the season 2012–2013. Most of influenza B infections were found…
Incidence rates of narcolepsy diagnoses in Taiwan, Canada, and Europe: The use of statistical simulation to evaluate methods for the rapid assessment…
2018
Vacunación; Narcolepsia; Simulación y modelado: en Vacunació; Narcolèpsia; Simulació i modelització Vaccination; Narcolepsy; Simulation and modeling Background & objectives Vaccine safety signals require investigation, which may be done rapidly at the population level using ecological studies, before embarking on hypothesis-testing studies. Incidence rates were used to assess a signal of narcolepsy following AS03-adjuvanted monovalent pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza vaccination among children and adolescents in Sweden and Finland in 2010. We explored the utility of ecological data to assess incidence of narcolepsy following exposure to pandemic H1N1 virus or vaccination in 10 sites that use…