Search results for "wage"
showing 10 items of 731 documents
High-Quality Whole-Genome Sequence of an Estradiol-Degrading Strain, Novosphingobium tardaugens NBRC 16725
2019
In this work we report the complete sequence and assembly of the estradiol-degrading bacterium Novosphingobium tardaugens NBRC 16725 genome into a single contig using the Pacific Biosciences RS II system.
Gender differences in career plans and wage expectations of French undergraduates
2014
Gender differences in wage expectations may affect investment in human capital and increase inequalities in the labor market. Our research based on a survey of freshmen at a French university aims to understand how students form differences in wage expectations. Our results show that anticipated earnings differ significantly between men and women. One year after graduation, we find a gender pay gap of 16 per cent. A wage decomposition method indicates most of this effect is due to anticipation of discrimination. Ten years after graduation, anticipated discrimination is still almost as dominant in explaining the gender wage gap. Finally, using a survey of recent college graduates we show tha…
A plant-wide wastewater treatment plant model for carbon and energy footprint: Model application and scenario analysis
2019
Abstract A new model for accounting carbon and energy footprint of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is proposed. The model quantifies direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to biological and physical processes of a WWTP. The model takes into account several innovative aspects with respect to already available literature models: i. kinetic/mass-balances; ii. nitrification as a two-step process; iii. nitrous oxide (N2O) formation during nitrification and denitrification both in dissolved and off-gas forms. A full-scale application has been performed by adopting the case study of a real WWTP. A scenario analysis was performed to quantify the influence of: composition of …
Biological Nutrient Removal Model No. 2 (BNRM2): a general model for wastewater treatment plants
2013
This paper presents the plant-wide model Biological Nutrient Removal Model No. 2 (BNRM2). Since nitrite was not considered in the BNRM1, and this previous model also failed to accurately simulate the anaerobic digestion because precipitation processes were not considered, an extension of BNRM1 has been developed. This extension comprises all the components and processes required to simulate nitrogen removal via nitrite and the formation of the solids most likely to precipitate in anaerobic digesters. The solids considered in BNRM2 are: struvite, amorphous calcium phosphate, hidroxyapatite, newberite, vivianite, strengite, variscite, and calcium carbonate. With regard to nitrogen removal via…
Personal income tax reform in Latvia: assessment of effect
2019
Personal income tax (PIT) policy in Latvia has been changed significantly in 2018 with the aim to reduce the tax burden and increase the income of working population by amending progressive tax rates and increasing the non-taxable minimum and minimum wage. Purpose − the aim of this study is to estimate the impact of PIT reform by assessing the effect of implementation of non-taxable minimum, deductions and substantiated spending on the dynamics of income and tax administration efficiency. Research methodology − PIT theoretic and normative concepts have been analyzed; unpublished data on actual wages in 2015−2018 provided by Latvian State Revenue Service and State Social Insurance Agency hav…
Personal Savings and Investments in the Financial Market
2021
After 1998, CEE countries underwent an extensive reform process toward compliance with the new political, economic, and sociodemographic conditions. Reduced birth rate, increased life expectancy, and migration are challenges for PAYG public pension systems, which are directly dependent on the labor market and funding based on social security contributions paid by all earners and other wage earners. This chapter aims to give a socioeconomic perspective regarding personal saving, through various instruments offered by the banking and capital market, to supplement the financial resources of the elderly during retirement.
Job insecurity in Finland: Antecedents and consequences
1994
Abstract Trends towards more unpredictable and flexible labour markets are often presumed to fuel feelings of job insecurity among employees, especially the threat of losing one's job. The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence, antecedents, and consequences of job insecurity in a representative sample of Finnish wage and salary earners (N = 3503) gathered in 1990. One out of ten respondents felt the threat of lay-off, dismissal, or unemployment. According to hierarchical regression analysis, perceived job insecurity was best explained by positional factors, especially earlier unemployment experiences and the temporary nature of the employment relationship. The role of demographic f…
The gender gap in teenagers’ incomes. A 30-year trend in Finland 1983–2013
2015
ABSTRACTIn this article, we examine the gender differences in disposable incomes of teenagers during a 30-year period 1983–2013, using large nationally representative survey data. Since the gender pay gap in working life has been rather persistent in Finland and the EU, it was necessary to see whether the gap persists in teenagers’ incomes as well. Although teenagers do not receive much income from work, they adapt to the structures of society during their teenage years and learn gender roles in consumption, education, and working life. Our results reveal that the gender pay gap has been rather persistent in Finland, particularly among 14- and 16-year-old teenagers. It is only among 18-year…
Long-term effects of metal-containing farmyard manure and sewage sludge on soil organic matter in a fluvisol
2005
Abstract Our aim was to establish the long-term effects of repeated applications after 20 y of organic amendments (farmyard manure at 10 t ha −1 y −1 , and urban sewage sludge at two different rates, 10 t ha −1 y −1 and 100 t ha −1 every 2 y) on the quality of a sandy and poorly buffered soil (Fluvisol, pH 6). Chemical characteristics and biodegradability of the labile organic matter, which is mainly derived from microbial biomass and biodegradation products of organic residues, were chosen as indicators for soil quality. The organic C content had reached a maximal value (30.6 g C kg −1 in the 100 t sludge-treated soil), i.e. about 2.5 times that in the control. Six years after the last a…
Notional defined contributions (NDC): Solvency and risk in Spain
2007
The aim of this article is twofold: to demonstrate the actuarial imbalance in the Spanish pension system in its current form; and to measure the degree of aggregate economic risk to which pensioners are exposed when applying formulas for the calculation of retirement pensions based on notional accounts. The model used generates scenarios for various periods encompassing some 10,000 different permutations of the macroeconomic indices needed to calculate such parameters as initial pension, earnings replacement rate, or internal rate of return and value at risk. The findings are analysed both objectively and subjectively. The main conclusions are that if the projections for the macroeconomic i…