Search results for "wealth"

Tomasz Zamoyski and the swedish question in 1624–1635

2014

Tomasz Zamoyski during his lifespan (1594–1638) was voivode of Podolia (1617– 1618), Kiev (1618–1628), vice chancellor and then chancellor. He was concerned about Swedish issue, which was shown in his letters and public appearance. The Swedish throne was lost by the Polish branch of House of Vasa in the end of XVI century. This fact lead to conflict between the two lines of royal household, Polish-Swedish war in Duchy of Livonia and Prussia. Conflict Polish-Swedish was also an element of rivalry between two countries with dominum Maris Baltici, and was another element of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648).Tomasz Zamoyski took part in two unsuccessful Polish-Swedish negotiation (1626, 1628). …

Actionnariat salarié et création de valeur dans le cadre d'une gouvernance actionnariale et partenariale : application au contexte français

2010

The present thesis investigates the nature of relationship between the employee stock ownership and the wealth creation, in the framework of the shareholder governance and the stakeholder governance. Results indicate a non linear relation between both the employee stock ownership and the shareholder value creation taking an inversed-U form. In fact, a positive relation associates these variables for low levels of employee stock ownership. Starting from a level of 3%, the relation became negative. Results notice also a positive impact of employee stock ownership plan on the share of value allocated to employees when the percentage of employee stock ownership is significant. Under than 3% the…

Le paradoxe du seuil de pauvreté endogène dans les indices de pauvreté

2007

Vauraus, luotto, luottamus : talonpoikien lainasuhteet Pohjanlahden molemmin puolin 1796-1830

2014

Pensions, Economic Growth and Welfare in Advanced Economies

2020

In this chapter, we analyse the effects of PAYG and funded pension systems on welfare. The debate on the choice between alternative systems focuses on their effects on savings, capital accumulation, labour supply, economic growth and inequality and the potential benefits of mixed systems in which a PAYG system with notional accounts is complemented by a funded pensions system. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, the redistribution of income among individuals makes the PAYG system an important part of any mixed system. Secondly, the design of the pension system should efficiently balance incentives and distortions with equality and insurance against individual idiosyncratic risks. Thi…

From the kinetic theory of active particles to the modeling of social behaviors and politics

2007

This paper deals with the modeling of complex social systems by methods of the mathematical kinetic theory for active particles. Specifically, a recent model by the last two authors is analyzed from the social sciences point of view. The model shows, despite its simplicity, some interesting features. In particular, this paper investigates the ability of the model to describe how a social politics and the disposable overall wealth may have a relevant influence towards the trend of the wealth distribution. The paper also outlines various research perspectives.

The Effects of Fiscal Redistribution

2016

Every discussion on income distribution and inequality distinguishes between market income, namely income before tax and without transfers, and disposable, or net income, which is after tax and including transfers. Hence, taxation and transfers create a redistribution of income. This redistribution is usually progressive, as direct taxes and subsidies are progressive, and thus it is supposed to reduce inequality, in the transition from market income to disposable income. This paper focuses on measuring the effect of fiscal policy in income redistribution and in reducing inequality. It also examines which type of fiscal policy is most strongly related to the redistribution of income, are the…

United in the Commonwealth. The participation of Lithuanian troops in the Zborów battle in 1649

2018

Abstract In 1648, an uprising broke out in Ukraine that belonged to Poland at the time. The war was not successful for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Cossacks and Tartars, who were helping them during the war, surrounded Zbaraż, about whose defense everyone knew in the country. King Jan Kazimierz decided to set out to rescue the besieged fortress. It was decided that not only Polish troops, but also soldiers of Lithuania would set out for Ukraine. Not only state armies, but also private regiments set out to fight. The article discusses the problem of the reasons for the participation of Lithuanians in the war, which was not only due to the provisions of the union, but also to be in…

Measuring economic inequality in Southern Europe: the Iberian Peninsula in the 14th-17th centuries

2020

This work explores the inequality of wealth in Spain during the late Middle Ages from six cities located in the kingdoms of Castile (Seville) and the Crown of Aragon (Barcelona, Valencia, Mallorca, Castelló and Valls), through tax sources that inform about the wealth of each taxpayer. These records provide very precise data on the wealth distribution that allow us to study inequality in an aggregate manner for the same city and, at the same time, perform sectoral analyses according to gender, different socio-professio¬nal groups and urban districts.

Artykuły wojenne dla artylerii koronnej Augusta III z 1737 r

2016

During the reigns of Augustus II and Augustus III (both Polish) - the Lithuanian Commonwealth's armies were modernized. As early as during the Great Northern War the armies were equipped with relatively modern military devices, and within the following decades efforts were made to keep the equipment in line with European standards. As far as the financial and organizational aspects were concerned, the most significant were the reforms of the Silent Sejm from 1717. Moreover, it was signalled that the military law should be thoroughly modernized by means of developing generał and detailed codes determining the rules of military service and principles of everyday life for the soldiers of both …