0000000000042660
AUTHOR
Jean-luc Bailly
A European multicentre evaluation of detection and typing methods for human enteroviruses and parechoviruses using RNA transcripts
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection has become the gold standard for diagnosis and typing of enterovirus (EV) and human parechovirus (HPeV) infections. Its effectiveness depends critically on using the appropriate sample types and high assay sensitivity as viral loads in cerebrospinal fluid samples from meningitis and sepsis clinical presentation can be extremely low. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of currently used commercial and in‐house diagnostic and typing assays. Accurately quantified RNA transcript controls were distributed to 27 diagnostic and 12 reference laboratories in 17 European countries for blinded testing. Transcripts represented the four human EV…
Production network and financing
L'un des grands apports de Keynes à la science économique est d'avoir découvert que le financement courant de l'économie se fait à partir de la production courante. La théorie moderne des émissions, développée par B. Schmitt, nous permet de saisir maintenant que la rémunération des travailleurs n'est pas issue de fonds préalablement accumulés, et que l'émission des salaires est la source unique du financement de la production. Pourtant on considère souvent que la "finance" est un moyen complémentaire de financement que les banques mettent à la disposition des entreprises. Or, il apparaît que la logique même de l'émission de la monnaie interdit de retenir une telle hypothèse. La "finance" ne…
Labour, wages, and non-wages income
International audience;
Du surinvestissement au surendettement des ménages
International audience
Money, "finance" and interest
The purpose of this paper is to show that there is no such thing as a pure money interest in the usual meaning of the phrase, that is, interest bearing on pure bank money. Basically, money cannot bear interest because it is not a net asset. This does not however imply that banks cannot charge interest on liquidities they have created. The concept of "finance" brings to light the process through which a liquid capital owned by the banks is formed in the economy. It then becomes clearer that what is commonly called "money interest" paid to banks is in fact a macroeconomic cost of production and therefore a net asset for the whole of the economy, including the banks.
Recommendations for enterovirus diagnostics and characterisation within and beyond Europe
Enteroviruses (EV) can cause severe neurological and respiratory infections, and occasionally lead to devastating outbreaks as previously demonstrated with EV-A71 and EV-D68 in Europe. However, these infections are still often underdiagnosed and EV typing data is not currently collected at European level. In order to improve EV diagnostics, collate data on severe EV infections and monitor the circulation of EV types, we have established European non-polio enterovirus network (ENPEN). First task of this cross-border network has been to ensure prompt and adequate diagnosis of these infections in Europe, and hence we present recommendations for non-polio EV detection and typing based on the co…