Theoretical Foundations of an Empirical Measure of Freedom: A Research Challenge to Liberal Economists

In this essay we ground the theoretical foundations of an empirical measure of the degree of freedom perceived by individuals on the Millian view of affirmation and development of individuality. We then discuss the implications of such a measure for policy and institutional design

Il liberalismo nell'età dei conflitti

Il mondo occidentale e' percorso da due grandi generi di conflitto: il primo riguarda la sfera dei valori, il secondo quella degli interessi. Si tratta di conflitti che il liberalismo ha difficolta' ad affrontare, nonostante esso veda nella competizione di idee e nella concorrenza di interessi le forze motrici del progresso. Oggi, infatti, queste aspre tensioni coinvolgono le stesse regole della democrazia liberale. Ne sono sovente drammatico esempio le societa' multiculturali, la ricerca scientifica e i processi di globalizzazione. Gli Autori, introducendo una sfera della politica non necessariamente statuale, disegnano una forma di liberalismo conservatore che a una societa' nutrita di un…

Therapeutic Effectiveness of Nutrition Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases Awaiting Liver Transplantation

It is important to prevent protein/calorie malnutrition in children with end stage liver diseases prior to transplantation. This study involved 34 patients between the ages of 10 and 156 months (mean value 25.69 months ± 32.2) (13 females and 21 males) on the liver transplant waiting list. Data collected as of three months before transplant and up to ten months after the procedure concerned gender, age, weight, height, Pediatric End Stage Liver Disease Score, baseline pathology, type of nutrition, type of transplant, immunosuppression, pulse steroid therapy, length of stay, and post transplant complications. Linear regression analysis showed that the length of hospital stay was 24.5 days mo…

Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in adult-to-adult living related liver transplant patients: a single centre experience

Chemical stability of tramadol hydrochloride injection admixed with selected pain drugs

Background: Tramadol hydrochloride (HCl) and ketorolac tromethamine are analgesic drugs, which are commonly used in combination in postoperative pain management. According to some studies, metoclopramide and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) as adjuvant agents can improve analgesia and decrease the need for other pain drugs. Materials and Methods: The chemical stability of tramadol HCl combined with ketorolac tromethamine and metoclopramide HCl has been studied using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method. Calibration curves were produced using linear regression of the peak area against concentration of each drug, with an r 2 value ≥ 0.96. Our aim was to invest…

Spontaneous Order: Origins, Actual Spontaneity, Diversity

In this paper, we aim to revive the research project on the spontaneous order by examining it critically. We aim to show that normative formulations of the spontaneous order suffer from one main flaw: they focus on the origin of orders rather than on how orders actually perform. In particular, we argue that such normative formulations tend to qualify orders as spontaneous according to two main requirements: unintendedness and negative liberty.