Antagonism of Bacillus subtilis strain AG1 against vine wood fungal pathogens

Summary. Antagonistic substances produced by a Bacillus subtilis strain (AG1), which were previously found to slow down the growth of esca fungi in vitro, were produced in an artifi cial medium, isolated from the cell-free medium by precipitation and acidifi cation (to less than pH 2.5) and extracted from the precipitate with 96% ethanol. The crude extract employed in antibiotic assays confi rmed, in vitro, the antagonism of B. subtilis against Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, and also showed antifungal activity toward Verticillium dahliae and Botryosphaeria rhodina.

Pathogenicity and possible biological control of fungi associated to Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine in Western Sicily

Botryosphaeria dieback is a widespread grapevine trunk disease caused by species of fungi within the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Symptoms of the disease include bud necrosis, leaf chlorosis, vascular discoloration of the wood, cankers and dieback. In 2013 typical symptoms of Botryosphaeria dieback was observed in Western Sicily and four species associated with the syndrome were isolated and identified as Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia mediterranea, Neofusicoccum parvum and Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme. In order to fulfill Koch’s postulates, pathogenicity tests of eighteen isolates were performed on two-year grapevine cuttings of cv. Inzolia. Six months after inoculation all the Botryosphaeri…

Interaction between Acremonium byssoides and Plasmopara viticola in Vitis vinifera

The endophytic fungus Acremonium byssoides was isolated from the leaves of grapevine cv. Regina Bianca to determine whether it could act as an antagonistic endophyte of the downy mildew agent Plasmopara viticola. The occurrence of this fungus was ascertained in 34 grapevines (cultivars Regina Bianca, Catarratto and Insolia) representing all the grapevine plants in an experimental vineyard located in Sicily and which had never been treated with any fungicides. The isolation frequency of the endophytic Acremonium strains was assessed in several plant organs by means of monthly samplings over a 2-year period. The endophyte was found in all the grapevines, with higher frequencies in the cv. Reg…

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Executive summary

Abstract: Informed by a series of systematic reviews, scoping reviews and evidence updates from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, the 2021 European Resuscitation Council Guidelines present the most up to date evidence-based guidelines for the practice of resuscitation across Europe. The guidelines cover the epidemiology of cardiac arrest; the role that systems play in saving lives, adult basic life support, adult advanced life support, resuscitation in special circumstances, post resuscitation care, first aid, neonatal life support, paediatric life support, ethics and education.

Corrigendum to “European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Executive summary” [Resuscitation (2021) 1–60]

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances

These European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Cardiac Arrest in Special Circumstances guidelines are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. This section provides guidelines on the modifications required to basic and advanced life support for the prevention and treatment of cardiac arrest in special circumstances; specifically special causes (hypoxia, trauma, anaphylaxis, sepsis, hypo/hyperkalaemia and other electrolyte disorders, hypothermia, avalanche, hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia, pulmonary embolism, coronary thrombosis, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, toxic agents), special settings (operating ro…

Corrigendum to "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances" [Resuscitation 161 (2021) 152-219]

Interactions between Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AG1 and Aspergillus spp. contaminating food and feedstuffs

Aspergillus is a widespread fungal genus contaminating and degrading food and feeds mostly during storage. Some species can also produce carcinogenic mycotoxins harmful for human and animal health. In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AG1 (BaAG1), active against fungal pathogens was evaluated by in vitro tests against seven Aspergillus species belonging to six Aspergillus sections. After 7 days of incubation at 25°C, mycelial growth of all fungal species was reduced from 46.53% to 60.92%, compared to the controls. The inhibitory effect of BaAG1 cell-free culture filtrate was tested by turbidimetric measurements by using ScanReady P-800 that allow the automatic and continuous monitoring…

Detection of Bacterial Endophytes in Vitis vinifera L. and Antibiotic Activity against Grapevine Fungal Pathogens

This chapter presents the results of studies conducted to (i) detect and localize endophytic bacteria in symptomless and symptomatic leaf tissues of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); and (ii) test the antagonistic activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AG1, previously isolated from grape wood affected by the esca syndrome, against grapevine fungal pathogens: Alternaria alternata, obtained from grapevine leaves showing necrotic concentric spots; Aspergillus carbonarius, A. ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum, isolated from grapes affected by secondary rot; Botrytis cinerea, isolated from …

Grapevine decline in Italy caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae

The first report of a dieback of grapevine caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Sicily (Italy) is given. About twelve per cent of the vines in the cv. Insolia vineyard surveyed, showed spur dieback, retarded growth and wood necrosis. Isolation trials and pathogenicity tests are briefl y reported, together with morphological, cultural and molecular characters on which identification was based.

First report of Neofusiccoccum vitifusiforme and presence of other Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine in Sicily (Italy)

Summary. Since 2007, when a grapevine decline caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae was reported for the first time in Sicily, vines showing similar declining symptoms have been also found in other grape-growing areas of western and central Sicily. We report the result of a study on fungi associated with grapevine decline in Sicily, with particular regard to those belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae. Four species were found to be associated with declining vines, namely Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia sp., Neofusicoccum parvum and Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme, the latter species reported for the first time on Vitis vinifera in Italy.

Aproximaciones para mejorar el crecimiento de bacterias lácticas iniciadoras OM13 durante las primeras etapas de producción de aceitunas verdes de mesa estilo español

The present research aimed at determining the optimal conditions for the lactic acid fermentation of green Spanish-style table olives. The work is a follow-up, and focuses on the performance of the commercial starter strain Lactobacillus pentosus OM13 by applying an acclimatization step and the addition of nutrients, and concentrations of lactic acid that were previously investigated. The acclimatization of the cells warranted the dominance of the starter culture even at an inoculation level of 2 Log cycles lower than that commonly used in standard fermentation. A significant effect was found in terms of acidification kinetics within the first week of fermentation, with the highest decrease…