0000000000319521
AUTHOR
Tsou Sheung Tsun
New expressions for string loop amplitudes leading to an ultrasimple conception of string dynamics
New expressions are derived for string loop amplitudes as overlap integrals of string wave functionals. They are shown to take the form of exchange terms coming from the Bose-Einstein symmetrization between string segments. One is thus led to the ultrasimple conception that string theory is basically free, and that ``string interactions'' are merely due to the fact that strings are composite objects with Bose-Einstein segments as constituents.
CKM matrix and fermion masses in the dualized standard model
A Dualized Standard Model recently proposed affords a natural explanation for the existence of Higgs fields and of exactly 3 generations of fermions, while giving at the same time the observed fermion mass hierarchy together with a tree-level CKM matrix equal to the identity matrix. It further suggests a method for generating from loop corrections the lower generation masses and nondiagonal CKM matrix elements. In this paper, the proposed calculation is carried out to 1-loop. It is found first that with the method suggested one can account readily for the masses of the second generation fermions as a `leakage' from the highest generation. Then, with the Yukawa couplings fixed by fitting the…
Lepton Transmutation in the Dualized Standard Model
The successful explanation of fermion mixing and of the fermion mass hierarchy by the Dualized Standard Model (DSM) scheme is based on the premises of a fermion mass matrix rotating in generation space with changing scales at a certain speed, which could in principle lead to sizeable flavour-violation observable in high sensitivity experiments such as BaBar. However, a full perturbative calculation to 1-loop order reported here shows that this kinematical, flavour-violating effect of a rotating mass matrix is off-set in the DSM by parallel effects from rotating wave functions and vertices giving in the end only very small flavour-violations which are unlikely to be detectable by present exp…
Implications of a Rotating Mass Matrix
The fermion mass matrix, in addition to having eigenvalues (masses) which run, also changes its orientation (rotates) with changing energy scales. This means that its eigenstates at one scale will no longer be eigenstates at another scale, leading to effects where fermions of different flavours can ``transmute'' into one another. In this paper, the implications of a rotating mass matrix are analysed and possible transmuation effects are investigated both in the Standard Model (SM) and in the so-called Dualized Standard Model (DSM) that we advocate, arriving at the conclusion that some transmutational decays such as $\psi \longrightarrow \mu \tau$, $\Upsilon \longrightarrow \mu \tau$ or $\pi…
Neutrinoless double beta decay in the dualized standard model
The Dualized Standard Model offers a {\it raison d'\^etre} for 3 fermion generations and an explanation for their distinctive mass and mixing patterns, reproducing to a reasonable accuracy the empirical mixing matrix and mass spectrum for both quarks and leptons in terms of just a few parameters. With its parameters thus fixed, the result is a highly predictive framework. In particular, it is shown that it gives explicit parameter-free predictions for neutrinoless double beta decays. For $^{76}Ge$, it predicts a half-life of $10^{28}-10^{30}$ years, which satisfies the present experimental lower bound of $1.8 \times 10^{25}$ years.
Photo-transmutation of leptons
By photo-transmutation of leptons we mean photon-lepton reactions of the following type: $\gamma l_\alpha \longrightarrow \gamma l_\beta$ with $l_\alpha \neq l_\beta$, occurring as a consequence of the lepton mass matrix changing its orientation (rotating) under changing scales. In this paper, we first discuss these reactions in general terms, then proceed to the calculation of their cross sections in two specific schemes, one within the framework of the conventional Standard Model, the other being the so-called Dualized Standard Model we ourselves advocate. Although the cross section obtained is generally small the calculation reveals certain special circumstances where these reactions may…
On the corner elements of the CKM and PMNS matrices
Recent experiments show that the top-right corner element (U-e3) of the PMNS matrix is small but nonzero, and suggest further via unitarity that it is smaller than the bottom-left corner element (U-tau 1). Here, it is shown that if to the assumption of a universal rank-one mass matrix, long favoured by phenomenologists, one adds that this matrix rotates with scale, then it follows that A) by inputting the mass ratios m(c)/m(t), m(s)/m(b), m(mu)/m(tau), and m(2)/m(3), i) the corner elements are small but nonzero, ii) V-ub < V-td, U-e3 < U-tau 1, iii) estimates result for the ratios V-ub/V-td and U-e3/U-tau 1, and B) by inputting further the experimental values of V-us, V-tb and U-e2, U-mu 3,…
Flavor changing neutral currents in the dualized standard model
The Dualized Standard Model which gives explanations for both fermion generations and Higgs fields has already been used to calculate fermion mass and mixing parameters with success. In this paper, we extend its application to low energy FCNC effects deriving bounds for various processes in terms of one single mass scale. Using then experimental information from K_L - K_S mass difference and air showers beyond the GZK cut-off, these bounds are converted into rough, order-of-magnitude predictions. In particular, the estimates for the decay K_L \to e^\pm \mu^\mp and for the mass difference between the neutral D-mesons seem accessible to experiment in the near future.
Features of quark and lepton mixing from differential geometry of curves on surfaces
It is noted that the CKM matrix elements for both quarks and leptons as conceived in the Dualized Standard Model (DSM) can be interpreted as direction cosines obtained by moving the Darboux trihedron (a 3-frame) along a trajectory on a sphere traced out through changing energy scales by a 3-vector factorized from the mass matrix. From the `Darboux' analogues of the well-known Serret--Frenet formulae for space curves, it is seen that the corner elements ($V_{ub}, V_{td}$ for quarks, and $U_{e3}, U_{\tau 1}$ for leptons) are associated with the (geodesic) torsion, while the other off-diagonal elements ($V_{us}, V_{cd}$ and $V_{cb}, V_{ts}$ for quarks, and $U_{e2}, U_{\mu 1}$ and $U_{\mu 3}, U…
Neutrino Oscillations in the Dualized Standard Model
A method developed from the Dualized Standard Model for calculating the quark CKM matrix and masses is applied to the parallel problem in neutrino oscillations. Taking the parameters determined from quarks and the masses of two neutrinos: $m_3^2 \sim 10^{-2} - 10^{-3} eV^2$ suggested by atmospheric neutrino data, and $m_2^2 \sim 10^{-10} eV^2$ suggested by the long wave-length oscillation (LWO) solution of the solar neutrino problem, one obtains from a parameter-free calculation all the mixing angles in reasonable agreement with existing experiment. However, the scheme is found not to accommodate comfortably the mass values $m_2^2 \sim 10^{-5} eV^2$ suggested by the MSW solution for solar n…
Coherent muon-electron conversion in the dualized standard model
Muon-electron conversion in nuclei is considered in the framework of the Dualized Standard Model. The ratio $B_{\mu-e}$ of the conversion rate to the total muon capture rate is derived, and computed for several nuclei in a parameter-free calculation using parameters previously determined in different physical contexts. The values obtained all lie within the present experimental bounds, but some are so close as to seem readily accessible to experiments already being planned. Similar considerations are applied also to muon-electron conversion in muonium but give rates many orders of magnitude below the present experiment limit.