Sulfur-incorporating cyclotriveratrylene analogues: the synthesis of cyclotrithioguaiacylene.
Cyclotriguaiacylene 1 is the universal precursor of cryptophanes, and represents an important intermediate for the preparation of functionalized cavitands of the cyclotriveratrylene family. Its thio analogue (cyclotrithioguaiacylene 3) was synthesized by two different routes, involving either the Newman-Kwart or the Pummerer rearrangement. The latter, performed starting from a trisulfoxide precursor, produced a purer compound in higher overall yield.
The Chemo- and Stereoselective Formation of Pallado- and Platinocryptophanes
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Synthesis and stereochemical properties of "extended" biphenols bridged by ortho-, meta-, and para-phenylene spacers
A series of isomeric biphenols based on para- (1), meta- (2), and ortho- (3) terphenyl backbones was synthesized. Suzuki cross-coupling methodology was employed for the construction of the terphenyl backbone of their methyl-protected precursors (respectively 8, 13, and 16). Using K2CO3 as the base, the best reaction conditions involved DMF at 100 °C as solvent. Anhydrous conditions greatly improved the yields of the sterically crowded systems (particularly 16). ortho-Terphenyls 3 and 16 exist as mixtures of syn/anti atropisomers in solution. Compound 16 crystallizes in the anti-in form. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level indicate that for both compounds the anti-in form is mor…
Effect of Substituents on the Molecular Shapes of π-Basic Macrotricyclic Receptors
Molecular recognition between receptor and substrate is optimized when these compounds show complementary shapes, sizes, and interacting moieties. A family of C3v-symmetric macrotricycles 1–4 is presented that incorporate resorcinol- and mesitylene-derived “walls” and “cap”, respectively. These compounds feature, in principle, a tetrahedral π-basic cavity. This paper reports the effect of substituents in the “walls” and the “cap” on the shapes of the macrotricycles in solution (1H NMR), the solid state (X-ray diffraction), and gas phase (calculations). Substitution of the lower position of the “walls” by Br (in 3) or MeS (in 4) has the same effect as ethyl substitution of the “cap” (in 2), …
Generation of Stereocenters Around a C3-Symmetric Cyclotriveratrylene Crown
The oxidation of racemic methylthio-substituted C3-symmetric cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) 2 produces the corresponding trisulfoxides 3 as follows. Oxidation with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) in dichloromethane leads to the formation of a distribution of the four possible diastereomers that is relatively close to the statistical outcome, in which the C3-symmetric stereoisomers are the minor species. In contrast, the optically active Davis reagent [oxaziridine (+)-4] in carbon tetrachloride at room temperature leads to a biased (73 %) distribution in favor of the C3-symmetric MRRR/PSSS diastereomer of 3 with 56 % ee (PSSS enantiomer according to the model of Davis). Interestingly, when th…
Kinetic control in the chiral recognition of three-bladed propellers
The ion pair of the stereolabile C(3)-symmetric, i(+)o proton complex [1H](+) of diaza-macropentacycle 1 and the configurationally stable Delta-TRISPHAT ([Delta-3](-)) anion exists in the form of two diastereomers, namely, [Delta-(1.H)][Delta-3] and [Lambda-(1.H)][Delta-3], the ratio of which, in terms of diastereomeric excess (de) decreases in the order [D(8)]THF (28%)CD(2)Cl(2) (22%)CDCl(3) (20%)[D(8)]toluene (16%)C(6)D(6) (7%)[D(6)]acetone (0%) at thermodynamic equilibrium. Except in the case of [D(6)]acetone, the latter is reached after a period of time that increases from 1 h ([D(8)]THF) to 24 h (CDCl(3)). Moreover, the initial value of the de of [1.H][Delta-3] in CDCl(3), before the t…