Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian…

Melatonin protects human red blood cells from oxidative hemolysis: new insights into the radical-scavenging activity.

Antioxidant activity of melatonin in human erythrocytes, exposed to oxidative stress by cumene hydroperoxide (cumOOH), was investigated. CumOOH at 300 microM progressively oxidized a 1% suspension of red blood cells (RBCs), leading to 100% hemolysis in 180 min. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls in the membrane showed a progressive increase, as a result of the oxidative damage to membrane lipids and proteins, reaching peak values after 30 and 40 min, respectively. The membrane antioxidant vitamin E and the cytosolic reduced glutathione (GSH) were totally depleted in 20 min. As a consequence of the irreversible oxidative damage to hemoglobin (Hb), hemin accumulated into the RBC membrane d…

Sentieri: mortality, cancer incidence and hospital discharges. Summary

Correction to: Potentially modifiable factors contributing to outcome from acute respiratory distress syndrome: the LUNG SAFE study (Intensive Care Medicine, (2016), 42, 12, (1865-1876), 10.1007/s00134-016-4571-5)

The members of the LUNG SAFE Investigators and the ESICM Trials Group were provided in such a way that they could not be indexed as collaborators on PubMed. The publisher apologizes for this error.

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD …