Chemical, biochemical and cellular responses in the digestive gland of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Spanish Mediterranean coast.

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were sampled in March 1996 from five stations along the Western Mediterranean coast (Barcelona, Ebro Delta, Alboraya, Cullera, Denia) corresponding to urban, industrial and agricultural areas. Different biochemical and cellular markers were determined in the mussels in order to assess the effects and/or exposure to pollutants. The cytochrome P450 system, acetylcholinesterase and metallothioneins were among the biochemical markers selected for the study. Histochemical analysis of ß-glucuronidase and catalase activity were performed as marker enzymes for lysosomes and peroxisomes. Chemical analyses indicated that mussels from Barcelona and Denia as highly e…

Prevalence of acquired resistance mutations in a large cohort of perinatally infected HIV-1 patients

Multiclass HCV resistance to direct-acting antiviral failure in real-life patients advocates for tailored second-line therapies

Background & Aims: Despite the excellent efficacy of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) reported in clinical trials, virological failures can occur, often associated with the development of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs). This study aimed to characterize the presence of clinically relevant RASs to all classes in real-life DAA failures. Methods: Of the 200 virological failures that were analyzed in 197 DAA-treated patients, 89 with pegylated-interferon+ribavirin (PegIFN+RBV) and 111 without (HCV-1a/1b/1g/2/3/4=58/83/1/6/24/25; 56.8% treatment experienced; 65.5% cirrhotic) were observed. Sanger sequencing of NS3/NS5A/NS5B was performed by home-made protocols, at failure (N= 200) and w…