On the Difference Between Necessary and Unnecessary Glances Away From the Forward Roadway : An Occlusion Study on the Motorway

Objective The present study strove to distinguish traffic-related glances away from the forward roadway from non-traffic-related glances while assessing the minimum amount of visual information intake necessary for safe driving in particular scenarios. Background Published gaze-based distraction detection algorithms and guidelines for distraction prevention essentially measure the time spent looking away from the forward roadway, without incorporating situation-based attentional requirements. Incorporating situation-based attentional requirements would entail an approach that not only considers the time spent looking elsewhere but also checks whether all necessary information has been sampl…

On the relationship between occlusion times and in-car glance durations in simulated driving

Drivers have spare visual capacity in driving, and often this capacity is used for engaging in secondary in-car tasks. Previous research has suggested that the spare visual capacity could be estimated with the occlusion method. However, the relationship between drivers’ occlusion times and in-car glance duration preferences has not been sufficiently investigated for granting occlusion times the role of an estimate of spare visual capacity. We conducted a driving simulator experiment (N = 30) and investigated if there is an association between drivers’ occlusion times and in-car glance durations in a given driving scenario. Furthermore, we explored which factors and variables could explain t…

Cognitive mimetics : Main ideas

The modern era of emerging intelligent technologies necessitates the development of technologyspecific design methods. Artificial intelligence (AI), robots, and autonomous systems are expected to replace humans in many intelligent information-processing tasks. To develop such systems, however, designers need to understand what happens in the minds of the people completing such tasks today. Designers also need methods to develop intelligent technological solutions. In the present paper, we discuss cognitive mimetics as a possible tool for designers of intelligent technologies. Like biomimetics, cognitive mimetics is an analogy-based method; however, instead of looking for structural and mate…

Visual occlusion as tool to assess attentional demand and spare capacity

Hand-Held texting is less distracting than texting with the phone in a holder: anyway, don't do it

We studied the effects of texting while driving and the effects of mobile phone position (hand-held, holder) on drivers' lane-keeping performance, experienced workload, and in-car glance durations in a motion-platform driving simulator with 24 participants. Overall, we found the known negative effects of texting on lane-keeping performance, workload, and visual attention on road, suggesting that texting on the road in any manner is not risk-free. As a novel finding, we found that hand-held texting led to fewer lane-keeping errors and shorter total glance times off road compared to texting with the phone in a holder. We suggest the explanation is that the drivers had considerably more experi…

Naturalistic study on the usage of smartphone applications among Finnish drivers

We present results from a naturalistic study that tracked how Finnish drivers use their smartphones while on the move. We monitored 30 heavy in-car smartphone users in Finland during June–September 2016, recording the times that they used their phones, the application used at the time of touch (calls excluded), the location and driving speed. Touches per time unit were used as a proxy for estimating visual-manual distraction due to visual-manual tasks. Our data set allows the determining of whether drivers use their phones differently on varying road types (highway, main road, local rural road, urban road). We found that the road type has an effect on phone use but the effect is contrary to…

Visual-manual in-car tasks decomposed: text entry and kinetic scrolling as the main sources of visual distraction

Distraction effects of in-car tasks with a touch screen based navigation system user interface were studied in a driving simulator experiment with eye tracking. The focus was to examine which particular in-car task components visually distract drivers the most. The results indicate that all of the visual-manual in-car tasks led to increased levels of experienced demands and to lower driving speeds. The most significant finding was that text entry and kinetic scrolling of lists were the main sources of visual distraction whereas simple selection tasks with familiar target locations led to least severe distraction effects.

Efficiency of visual time-sharing behavior

In this paper, the effects of two user interface menu structures on a mobile device display, list and grid, are compared in a driving simulation with the measures of visual time-sharing efficiency, visual load, driving performance and secondary task performance. Eighteen participants conducted a set of eight Point-of-Interest (POI) search tasks with the grid- or list-style menus on navigation software during simulated driving. Between-subject analysis revealed that the list-style menu structure supports more efficient and systematic, and thus, safer interaction while driving than the grid-style menu, in terms of time-sharing and total glance time. However, significant effects of the menu st…

Challenge of tacit knowledge in acquiring information in cognitive mimetics

Intelligent technologies are rising. This is why methods for designing them are important. One approach is to study how people process information in carrying out intelligence demanding tasks and use this information in designing new technology solutions. This approach can be called cognitive mimetics. A problem in mimetics is to explicate tacit or subconscious knowledge. Here, we study a combination of thinking aloud in ship simulator driving and focus group commenting the solutions of subjects. On the ground of these early experiments, a multiple method combination seems to be the best way forward to solve problems of tacit or subconscious knowledge. peerReviewed

Ubiquitous Co-Driver System and Its Effects on the Situation Awareness of the Driver

The aim of this paper is to explore the effects of ubiquitous computing in cars on the situation awareness and expectations of the driver. In a driving simulation environment with participants using a co-driver system, we investigated how people took and recovered from misinformation provided by the system. The system presented safety-critical information about the upcoming curves on the road, but in the experiment part of the messages contained false information. The effects of this information on participants’ behavior were investigated. On the grounds of the experiment, we discuss two approaches for investigating drivers’ situational awareness, which are based on either mental workload o…

An ontology for cognitive mimetics

AI and autonomous systems are intended to replace people in several jobs. People have worked in these jobs being able to execute the required information processing. This implies that new technical artefacts must be able to perform equitably effective information processing. Thus, it makes sense to develop the analysis of human information processing in designing intelligent systems. This approach has been termed cognitive mimetics. This paper studies how it would be practical to gain knowledge about human information processing and organize this knowledge using ontologies.

Modelling Drivers’ Adaptation to Assistance Systems

Human factors research and engineering of advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) must consider how drivers adapt to their presence. The major obstruction to this at the moment is poor understanding of the details of the adaptive processes that the human cognition undergoes when faced with such changes. This paper presents a simulation model that predicts how drivers adapt to a steering assistance system. Our approach is based on computational rationality, and demonstrates how task interleaving strategies adapt to the task environment and the driver’s goals and cognitive limitations. A supervisor controls eye movements between the driving and non-driving tasks, making this choice on the …

Visual Distraction Effects between In-Vehicle Tasks with a Smartphone and a Motorcycle Helmet-Mounted Head-Up Display

Besides motorists, also motorcyclists need safer user interfaces to interact with useful applications on the road. In this paper, distraction effects of in-vehicle tasks conducted with a head-up display (HUD) for motorcyclists were compared to smartphone tasks with 24 participants in a driving simulator. Compared to the smartphone tasks, the head-up display tasks decreased the percentage of inappropriately long glances by 45 percent. The head-up display tasks were also experienced as less demanding than the smartphone tasks. Additionally, the use of head-up display for navigation did not lead to gaze concentration effects compared to baseline driving. The head-up display is concluded to be …

Ajokyvyn arviointi MoCA-menetelmällä Alzheimerin taudin varhaisvaiheessa

Vertaisarvioitu Lähtökohdat Tutkimme Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) -menetelmän soveltuvuutta varhaista Alzheimerin tautia sairastavien potilaiden ajokyvyn arviointiin. Selvitimme myös menetelmän herkkyyttä tunnistaa kognitiomuutoksia. Menetelmät Tutkimus sisälsi haastattelun, kognitiivisen arvioinnin (MoCA), ajon simulaattorilla ja oman ajamisen arvioinnin. Siihen osallistui 7 potilasta ja 17 tervettä ikätoveria. Tulokset Potilaat suoriutuivat verrokkeja heikommin MoCA-testissä ja simulaattoriajossa. Arvio omasta suoriutumisesta ajossa oli heillä merkitsevästi parempi kuin verrokeilla. Potilaat saivat testipisteitä keskimäärin 18,6 ja verrokit 27,4. Simulaattoriajossa potilaat tekivä…

Balancing Structural and Temporal Constraints in Multitasking Contexts

Recent research has shown that when people multitask, both the subtask structure and the temporal constraints of the component tasks strongly influence people’s task-switching behavior. In this paper, we propose an integrated theoretical account and associated computational model that aims to quantify how people balance structural and temporal constraints in everyday multitasking. We validate the theory using data from an empirical study in which drivers performed a visual-search task while navigating a driving environment. Through examination of illustrative protocols from the model and human drivers as well as the overall fit on the aggregate glance data, we explore the implications of th…

Naturalistic driving study on the usage of smart phone applications while driving

We present the first results from a study that tracked how Finnish drivers use their smart phones while driving. We monitored 30 heavy-user drivers in Finland in June-September 2016, and recorded the times when they used their phones, the application used at the time of touch, and the location and speed of the car. Touches were used as a proxy for estimating visual distraction due to visual-manual tasks. Our data set allows us to determine whether drivers use their phones differently on different road types (highway, main road, local rural road, urban road). We found that the road type has very little effect on phone use. The drivers produced more touches per hour on urban roads but the ins…

Types of Mimetics for the Design of Intelligent Technologies

Mimetic design means using a source in the natural or artificial worlds as an inspiration for technological solutions. It is based around the abstraction of the relevant operating principles in a source domain. This means that one must be able to identify the correct level of analysis and extract the relevant patterns. How this should be done is based on the type of source. From a mimetic perspective, if the design goal is intelligent technology, an obvious source of inspiration is human information processing, which we have called cognitive mimetics. This article offers some conceptual clarification on the nature of cognitive mimetics by contrasting it with biomimetics in the context of in…

How and Why to Start and Run a SIGCHI Local Chapter

There is a vast and increasing interest towards local HCI communities around the globe and in particular on geographical areas in which HCI has only recently started to gain increasing interest by local industries as well as academic institutions. A SIGCHI Local Chapter is one of the ways a local HCI community can organize and get visibility and support for their activities. However, many active volunteers in this field might not be aware of this possibility. The main goal of the Chapters' SIG in CHI'15 is to inform interested parties of SIGCHI Local Chapters and to find ways in which SIGCHI could better support local HCI communities with their various needs all over the world.

Conceptual basis of cognitive mimetics for information engineering

Abstract Intelligent information processing is topical in modern technology design and development. The fundamental idea was developed by Turing as he made the first conceptual models of information-processing computers. Though it has practically never been noticed, Turing’s work was a model of how to mimic human intelligent information processes and generate technologies, which can carry out intelligent tasks. The design method can be called cognitive mimetics as it imitates human information processes to design technologies and their applications. One can use cognitive mimetics even in solving techno-ethical problems. This is why we think that cognitive mimetics are vital as a method to g…

The Attentional Demand of Automobile Driving Revisited: Occlusion Distance as a Function of Task- Relevant Event Density in Realistic Driving Scenarios

Objective: We studied the utility of occlusion distance as a function of task-relevant event density in realistic traffic scenarios with self-controlled speed. Background: The visual occlusion technique is an established method for assessing visual demands of driving. However, occlusion time is not a highly informative measure of environmental task-relevant event density in self-paced driving scenarios because it partials out the effects of changes in driving speed. Method: Self-determined occlusion times and distances of 97 drivers with varying backgrounds were analyzed in driving scenarios simulating real Finnish suburban and highway traffic environments with self-determined vehicle speed…

Cognitive Mimetics for Designing Intelligent Technologies

Design mimetics is an important method of creation in technology design. Here, we review design mimetics as a plausible approach to address the problem of how to design generally intelligent technology. We argue that design mimetics can be conceptually divided into three levels based on the source of imitation. Biomimetics focuses on the structural similarities between systems in nature and technical solutions for solving design problems. In robotics, the sensory-motor systems of humans and animals are a source of design solutions. At the highest level, we introduce the concept of cognitive mimetics, in which the source for imitation is human information processing. We review and discuss so…

Effects of menu structure and touch screen scrolling style on the variability of glance durations during in-vehicle visual search tasks.

The effects of alternative navigation device display features on drivers' visual sampling efficiency while searching forpoints of interest were studied in two driving simulation experiments with 40 participants. Given that the number of display items was sufficient, display features that facilitate resumption of visual search following interruptions were expected to lead to more consistent in-vehicle glance durations. As predicted, compared with a grid-style menu, searching information in a list-style menu while driving led to smaller variance in durations of in-vehicle glances, in particular with nine item displays. Kinetic touch screen scrolling induced a greater number of very short in-v…

Expert Drivers' Prospective Thinking-Aloud to Enhance Automated Driving Technologies - Investigating Uncertainty and Anticipation in Traffic.

Abstract Current automated driving technology cannot cope in numerous conditions that are basic daily driving situations for human drivers. Previous studies show that profound understanding of human drivers’ capability to interpret and anticipate traffic situations is required in order to provide similar capacities for automated driving technologies. There is currently not enough a priori understanding of these anticipatory capacities for safe driving applicable to any given driving situation. To enable the development of safer, more economical, and more comfortable automated driving experience, expert drivers’ anticipations and related uncertainties were studied on public roads. First, dri…

Measuring Distraction at the Levels of Tactical and Strategic Control: The Limits of Capacity-Based Measures for Revealing Unsafe Visual Sampling Models

The control theory of driving suggests that driver distraction can be analyzed as a breakdown of control at three levels. Common approach for analyzing distraction experimentally is to utilize capacity-based measures to assess distraction at the level of operational control. Three driving simulation experiments with 61 participants were organized to evaluate which kind of measures could be used to analyze drivers' tactical visual sampling models and the related effects of distraction while searching textual information on in-car display. The effects of two different text types were evaluated. The utilized capacity-based measures seemed to be insufficient for revealing participants' tactical…

Neuroaesthetic exploration on the cognitive processing behind repeating graphics

Repeating graphics are common research objects in modern design education. However, we do not exactly know the attentional processes underlying graphic artifacts consisting of repeating rhythms. In this experiment, the event-related potential, a neuroscientific measure, was used to study the neural correlates of repeating graphics within graded orderliness. We simulated the competitive identification process of people recognizing artifacts with graded repeating rhythms from a scattered natural environment with the oddball paradigm. In the earlier attentional processing related to the P2 component around the Fz electrode within the 150−250 ms range, a middle-grade repeating rhythm (Target 1)…

Bayesian parameter inference for cognitive simulators

On the Visual Distraction Effects of Audio-Visual Route Guidance

This is the first controlled quantitative analysis on the visual distraction effects of audio-visual route guidance in simulated, but ecologically realistic driving scenarios with dynamic maneuvers and self-controlled speed (N = 24). The audio-visual route guidance system under testing passed the set verification criteria, which was based on drivers’ preferred occlusion distances on the test routes. There were no significant effects of an upcoming maneuver instruction location (up, down) on the in-car display on any metric or on the experienced workload. The drivers’ median occlusion distances correlated significantly with median incar glance distances. There was no correlation between driv…

Critical Analysis on the NHTSA Acceptance Criteria for In-Vehicle Electronic Devices

We tested a commercial in-car navigation system prototype against the NHTSA criteria for acceptance testing of in-vehicle electronic devices, in order to see what types of in-car tasks fail the acceptance test and why. In addition, we studied the visual demands of the driving scenario recommended by NHTSA for task acceptance testing. In the light of the results, NHTSA guidelines and acceptance criteria need to be further developed. In particular visual demands of the driving scenario and for different simulators need to be standardized in order to enable fair testing and comparable test results. We suggest the visual occlusion method for finding a driving scenario that corresponds better wi…

Network Entropy for the Sequence Analysis of Functional Connectivity Graphs of the Brain

Dynamic representation of functional brain networks involved in the sequence analysis of functional connectivity graphs of the brain (FCGB) gains advances in uncovering evolved interaction mechanisms. However, most of the networks, even the event-related ones, are highly heterogeneous due to spurious interactions, which bring challenges to revealing the change patterns of interactive information in the complex dynamic process. In this paper, we propose a network entropy (NE) method to measure connectivity uncertainty of FCGB sequences to alleviate the spurious interaction problem in dynamic network analysis to realize associations with different events during a complex cognitive task. The p…

Capacity, workload and mental contents : exploring the foundations of driver distraction

Context-sensitive distraction warnings : effects on drivers' visual behavior and acceptance

In this study, we investigated the effects of context-sensitive distraction warnings on drivers' in-car glance behaviors and acceptance. The studied prototype warning application functions on a smart phone. The novelty of the application is its proactive and context-sensitive approach to the adjustment of warning thresholds according to the estimated visual demands of the driving situation ahead. In our study, novice and experienced drivers conducted in-car tasks with a smart phone on a test track with and without the warnings. The application gave a warning if the driver's gaze was recognized to remain on the smart phone over a situation-specific threshold time, or if the driver was approa…

Optimal imaging of multi-channel EEG features based on a novel clustering technique for driver fatigue detection

Abstract Fatigue may cause a decrease in mental and physical performance capacity, which is a serious safety risk for the drivers in the transportation system. Recently, various studies have demonstrated the deviations of electroencephalogram (EEG) indicators from normal vigilant state during fatigue in time and frequency domains. However, when considering spatial information, these feature descriptors are not satisfying the demand for reliable detection due to the well-known challenge of signal mixing. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on clustering on brain networks (CBNs) to alleviate the problem to improve the performance of driver fatigue detection. The clustering algori…

Designing and Evaluating Ubicomp Characteristics of Intelligent In-Car Systems

In this paper, we present a preliminary taxonomy for designing and evaluating intelligent systems from the viewpoint of ubiquitous computing (ubicomp). As an example of intelligent systems, we examine a few novel in-car systems, which are already commercially available. We also discuss some ergonomics issues related to the design of in-car systems and argue that rationale for solving these issues can be found from the ideal qualities of ubicomp systems. The five characteristics we define to be ideal for genuine ubicomp systems are context-awareness, natural interaction methods, invisibility, support for everyday tasks, and interconnectivity. Based on these characteristics, we create a frame…

Visual Distraction Effects of In-Car Text Entry Methods

Three text entry methods were compared in a driving simulator study with 17 participants. Ninety-seven drivers’ occlusion distance (OD) data mapped on the test routes was used as a baseline to evaluate the methods’ visual distraction potential. Only the voice recognition-based text entry tasks passed the set verification criteria. Handwriting tasks were experienced as the most demanding and the voice recognition tasks as the least demanding. An individual in-car glance length preference was found, but against expectations, drivers’ ODs did not correlate with incar glance lengths or visual short-term memory capacity. The handwriting method was further studied with 24 participants with instru…

User Psychology Lab, University of Jyväskylä

A preliminary framework for differentiating the paradigms of human-technology interaction research

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the differences between approaches in the research field of human-technology interaction. We are especially interested in individuating user psychology from the more traditional paradigms. Therefore, we suggest a preliminary theoretical framework of criteria for distinguishing and individuating the different interaction research paradigms. The framework consists of five dimensions in which the paradigms may vary from each other. In this paper, we also discuss how ubiquitous computing is related to some of the dimensions. In addition, we focus on defining the new elements user psychology can bring to the discussion and analysis of human-technology inte…

Quantifying attentional demand of a lane-keeping task as the minimum required information in predictive processing

Impacts of Touch Screen Size, User Interface Design, and Subtask Boundaries on In-Car Task's Visual Demand and Driver Distraction

Visual distraction by secondary in-car tasks is a major contributing factor in traffic incidents. In-car user interface design may mitigate these negative effects but to accomplish this, design factors’ visual distraction potential should be better understood. The effects of touch screen size, user interface design, and subtask boundaries on in-car task's visual demand and visual distraction potential were studied in two driving simulator experiments with 48 participants. Multilevel modeling was utilized to control the visual demands of driving and individual differences on in-car glance durations. The 2.5” larger touch screen slightly decreased the in-car glance durations and had a diminis…

Semantic distance as a critical factor in icon design for in-car infotainment systems

In-car infotainment systems require icons that enable fluent cognitive information processing and safe interaction while driving. An important issue is how to find an optimised set of icons for different functions in terms of semantic distance. In an optimised icon set, every icon needs to be semantically as close as possible to the function it visually represents and semantically as far as possible from the other functions represented concurrently. In three experiments (N = 21 each), semantic distances of 19 icons to four menu functions were studied with preference rankings, verbal protocols, and the primed product comparisons method. The results show that the primed product comparisons me…

The Attentional Demand of Automobile Driving Revisited: Occlusion Distance as a Function of Task- Relevant Event Density in Realistic Driving Scenarios

Objective: We studied the utility of occlusion distance as a function of task-relevant event density in realistic traffic scenarios with self-controlled speed. Background: The visual occlusion technique is an established method for assessing visual demands of driving. However, occlusion time is not a highly informative measure of environmental task-relevant event density in self-paced driving scenarios because it partials out the effects of changes in driving speed. Method: Self-determined occlusion times and distances of 97 drivers with varying backgrounds were analyzed in driving scenarios simulating real Finnish suburban and highway traffic environments with self-determined vehicle speed…

T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can Improve Driving Performance while Typing and Driving

We introduce T9+HUD, a text entry method designed to decrease visual distraction while driving and typing. T9+HUD combines a physical 3x4 keypad on the steering wheel with a head-up-display (HUD) for projecting output on the windshield. Previous work suggests this may be a visually less demanding way to type while driving than the popular case which requires shifts of visual attention away from the road. We present a prototype design and report first results from a controlled evaluation in a driving simulator. While driving, the T9+HUD text entry rate was equal compared to a dashboard-mounted touchscreen device, but it reduced lane deviations by 70%. Furthermore, there was no significant di…

Designing browsing for in-car music player

User interface features of a touch based mobile music player and their comparative impact on driver distraction when searching music albums were investigated. In a driving simulator experiment (N=18) three scrolling methods buttons, swipe and kinetic were compared, whereat the number of music tracks presented in a list-style format varied between three, five and seven items per page. Half of the participants used the music player in a portrait mode and half of them in a landscape mode. It was expected that swipe supports less severe distraction effects than kinetic or button due to systematic page-by-page scrolling and low levels of pointing accuracy required for browsing. Three items shoul…

Modeling visual sampling on in-car displays: The challenge of predicting safety-critical lapses of control

In this article, we study how drivers interact with in-car interfaces, particularly by focusing on understanding driver in-car glance behavior when multitasking while driving. The work focuses on using an in-car touch screen to find a target item from a large number of unordered visual items spread across multiple screens. We first describe a cognitive model that aims to represent a driver?s visual sampling strategy when interacting with an in-car display. The proposed strategy assumes that drivers are aware of the passage of time during the search task; they try to adjust their glances at the display to a time limit, after which they switch back to the driving task; and they adjust their t…

A Review of Occlusion as a Tool to Assess Attentional Demand in Driving

Objective The aim of this review is to identify how visual occlusion contributes to our understanding of attentional demand and spare visual capacity in driving and the strengths and limitations of the method. Background The occlusion technique was developed by John W. Senders to evaluate the attentional demand of driving. Despite its utility, it has been used infrequently in driver attention/inattention research. Method Visual occlusion studies in driving published between 1967 and 2020 were reviewed. The focus was on original studies in which the forward visual field was intermittently occluded while the participant was driving. Results Occlusion studies have shown that attentional demand…

Browsing the information highway while driving: three in-vehicle touch screen scrolling methods and driver distraction

Distraction effects of three alternative touch screen scrolling methods for searching music tracks on a mobile device were studied in a driving simulation experiment with 24 participants. Page-bypage scrolling methods with Buttons or Swipe that better facilitate resumption of visual search following interruptions were expected to lead to more consistent in-vehicle glance durations and thus, on less severe distraction effects than Kinetic scrolling. As predicted, Kinetic scrolling induced decreased visual sampling efficiency and increased visual load compared to Swipe, increased experienced workload compared to both Buttons and Swipe, as well as decreased lane keeping accuracy compared to ba…

Inattention and Uncertainty in the Predictive Brain

Negative effects of inattention on task performance can be seen in many contexts of society and human behavior, such as traffic, work, and sports. In traffic, inattention is one of the most frequently cited causal factors in accidents. In order to identify inattention and mitigate its negative effects, there is a need for quantifying attentional demands of dynamic tasks, with a credible basis in cognitive modeling and neuroscience. Recent developments in cognitive science have led to theories of cognition suggesting that brains are an advanced prediction engine. The function of this prediction engine is to support perception and action by continuously matching incoming sensory input with to…

Multitasking in Driving as Optimal Adaptation Under Uncertainty

Objective The objective was to better understand how people adapt multitasking behavior when circumstances in driving change and how safe versus unsafe behaviors emerge. Background Multitasking strategies in driving adapt to changes in the task environment, but the cognitive mechanisms of this adaptation are not well known. Missing is a unifying account to explain the joint contribution of task constraints, goals, cognitive capabilities, and beliefs about the driving environment. Method We model the driver’s decision to deploy visual attention as a stochastic sequential decision-making problem and propose hierarchical reinforcement learning as a computationally tractable solution to it. The…

Measuring Distraction at the Levels of Tactical and Strategic Control: The Limits of Capacity-Based Measures for Revealing Unsafe Visual Sampling Models

The control theory of driving suggests that driver distraction can be analyzed as a breakdown of control at three levels. Common approach for analyzing distraction experimentally is to utilize capacity-based measures to assess distraction at the level of operational control. Three driving simulation experiments with 61 participants were organized to evaluate which kind of measures could be used to analyze drivers' tactical visual sampling models and the related effects of distraction while searching textual information on in-car display. The effects of two different text types were evaluated. The utilized capacity-based measures seemed to be insufficient for revealing participants' tactical…

Survey data for the validation of a perceived visual usability (PVU) measurement

This dataset is part of a publication (Differentiating Perceived Usability from Aesthetics in Visual Experience – Validation of a Perceived Visual Usability Measurement). Data concerning confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) utilised in the measurement validation is freely available. Data for the CFA was collected via Prolific, an online survey platform. Thirty-three different surveys were created with the Webropol survey tool, all with different stimulus. Participants (N = 330) answered to the 33 surveys (161 female, 163 male, age range = 18-53, M = 25.8, SD = 7.0). The CFA dataset contains variables of Participant id, Stimulus, Age, Gender, Country, Native-English, and survey scales comprise…