Prevalence and correlates of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and the major role of stigmatization in low- and middle-income countries: A multinational cross-sectional study

Highlights • There are significant differences on the prevalence of depression between the four LMICs. • Stigmatization related to COVID-19, but not exposure to COVID-19 was the strongest predictor of depression. • Resilience was a protective factor for DR Congo and Togo. • Younger age, gender (female), and exposure and stigmatization related to Covid-19, and resilience were associated with depression in the pooled data.