Statistically validated mobile communication networks: the evolution of motifs in European and Chinese data

Big data open up unprecedented opportunities to investigate complex systems including the society. In particular, communication data serve as major sources for computational social sciences but they have to be cleaned and filtered as they may contain spurious information due to recording errors as well as interactions, like commercial and marketing activities, not directly related to the social network. The network constructed from communication data can only be considered as a proxy for the network of social relationships. Here we apply a systematic method, based on multiple hypothesis testing, to statistically validate the links and then construct the corresponding Bonferroni network, gen…

Adsorption on a stepped substrate.

Knowledge mining of unstructured information: application to cyber domain

Funding Information: TT, KB, ML and KK acknowledge research project funding from Cyberwatch Finland. AC is the CEO of the company. PJ and AC are founders and partners in the company. KK and ML are on the advisory board of the company. Funding Information: TT, KB, ML and KK acknowledge research project funding from Cyberwatch Finland. TT acknowledges funding from the Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s). Information on cyber-related crimes, incidents, and conflicts is abundantly available in numerous open online sources. However, processing large volumes and streams of data is a challenging task for…

Molecular dynamics simulation of epitaxial growth of the Si(001) surface

Abstract Molecular beam epitaxy on a Si(100) substrate has been studied using a molecular dynamics method with the Stillinger-Weber model potential. At high substrate temperature, 800 K, well ordered crystalline layers are found to grow underneath an amorphous overlayer of approximately 5 A thick. A limiting temperature for epitaxial growth is found to be 480 K, below which the growth does not produce ordered layers. When the sample deposited below 480 K is heated up to 800 K and the deposition is started again the original adatoms start to form ordered atomic layers. Thus the collisions of the deposited atoms in addition to the substrate temperature seem to play an essential role in the gr…

DISORDERING MECHANISMS OF THE Cu(110) SURFACE

We review recent theoretical work on the various disordering mechanisms of the Cu(110) surface. In these studies the properties of the surface, from the onset of enhanced anharmonicity in surface vibrations up to bulk melting point T M , have been studied using molecular dynamics and lattice-gas Monte Carlo methods with many-body interactions derived from the effective medium theory. Well after the onset of enhanced out-of-plane surface vibrations, clustering of surface defects is found to induce a roughening transition at T≈0.81T M , and surface premelting is found to occur at T≈0.97T M . These results suggest, that these transitions can both appear at Cu(110). The general picture of diso…

Roughening of the Cu(110) surface

The structure of the Cu(110) surface is studied at high temperatures using a combination of lattice-gas Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics methods with identical many-atom interactions derived from the effective medium theory. The anisotropic six-vertex model is used in the interpretation of the lattice-gas results. We find a clear roughening transition around T_R=1000K and T_R/T_M=0.81. Molecular dynamics reveals the clustering of surface defects as the atomistic mechanism of the transition and allows us to estimate characteristic time scales. For the system of size 50x50, the time scale of the local roughening at 1150 K of an initially smooth surface is of the order of 100 ps.

Molecular Dynamics Study of Copper and Aluminum under Mechanical Strain

AbstractMechanical properties of copper and aluminum have been studied using finite temperature molecular dynamics simulations. Atomic interactions have been described by a many-atom effective medium potential, which takes into account interactions up to third neighbors. The computed elastic constants showed good agreement with experimental data. Encouraged by these results the model was applied to study fracture in copper. Systems with a grain boundary and an initial cut serving as a crack seed have been studied. In the first case, crack nucleation and propagation took place exclusively at the grain boundary. In the second case, dislocation propagation was observed in one of the <110&gt…

Molecular-dynamics study of mechanical properties of copper

Mechanical properties of copper have been studied using effective-medium theory and Molecular-Dynamics simulations. At room temperature we calculate the tensile moduli of systems that are elongated along different crystal orientations. These moduli are in very good agreement with the experimental values, the difference being less than 6%. The elastic constants obtained from simulations were also in good agreement with experiments. In addition, the point of maximum stress is found to be of the same order of magnitude as the experimental value. Also crack propagation in systems with periodic boundaries has been studied and micro-voids are seen to generate near the crack tip. Crack propagation…

Beam phase measurement system for the K130 cyclotron in Jyväskylä

Abstract A phase measurement system for Jyvaskyla new K = 130 heavy ion cyclotron has been designed and realized. The phase measurement is done using a set of capacitive probes to detect phase information from the internal ion beam. This data is vital for tuning purposes to obtain an isochronous magnetic field and to maximize the ion beam intensity.

Molecular-dynamics study of copper with defects under strain

Mechanical properties of copper with various types of defects have been studied with the molecular-dynamics method and the effective-medium theory potential both at room temperature and near zero temperature. The loading has been introduced as constant rate straining and the dynamics of the process region of fracture is purely Newtonian. With the model three types of defects were studied: point defects, grain boundary, and an initial void serving as a crack seed. Point defects were seen to decrease the system strength in terms of fracture stress, fracture strain, and elastic modulus. Due to random microstructure, highly disordered systems turned out to be isotropic, which on the other hand …