0000000000650352

AUTHOR

Marah Stoldt

0000-0003-2410-4413

Supplementary TextS26 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

This Supplement includes Supplementary Methods and Results; Table S4; List of Captions for Supplementary Tables and Supplementary Figures; List of Supplementary Archives deposited at DRYAD and Supplementary References.

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Parasite presence induces gene expression changes in an ant host related to immunity and longevity

Most species are either parasites or exploited by parasites, making parasite&ndash

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Supplmementary information II from Ant behaviour and brain gene expression of defending hosts depend on the ecological success of the intruding social parasite

Genome of Temnothorax longispinosus: methods, assembly and annotation

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Social organization and the evolution of life-history traits in two queen morphs of the ant Temnothorax rugatulus.

ABSTRACT During the evolution of social insects, not only did life-history traits diverge, with queens becoming highly fecund and long lived compared with their sterile workers, but also individual traits lost their importance compared with colony-level traits. In solitary animals, fecundity is largely influenced by female size, whereas in eusocial insects, colony size and queen number can affect the egg-laying rate. Here, we focused on the ant Temnothorax rugatulus, which exhibits two queen morphs varying in size and reproductive strategy, correlating with their colony's social organization. We experimentally tested the influence of social structure, colony and body size on queen fecundity…

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Supplementary information I from Ant behaviour and brain gene expression of defending hosts depend on the ecological success of the intruding social parasite

Tables and additional figures and methods details

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Comparative analyses of caste, sex, and developmental stage‐specific transcriptomes in two Temnothorax ants

Abstract Social insects dominate arthropod communities worldwide due to cooperation and division of labor in their societies. This, however, makes them vulnerable to exploitation by social parasites, such as slave‐making ants. Slave‐making ant workers pillage brood from neighboring nests of related host ant species. After emergence, host workers take over all nonreproductive colony tasks, whereas slavemakers have lost the ability to care for themselves and their offspring. Here, we compared transcriptomes of different developmental stages (larvae, pupae, and adults), castes (queens and workers), and sexes of two related ant species, the slavemaker Temnothorax americanus and its host Temnoth…

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Supplementary Figures from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

This supplement includes Supplementary Figure S1-S17.

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Supplement 1: from Molecular regulation of lifespan extension in fertile ant workers

Additional methodological information, results and figures

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Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects.

The exceptional longevity of social insect queens despite their lifelong high fecundity remains poorly understood in ageing biology. To gain insights into the mechanisms that might underlie ageing in social insects, we compared gene expression patterns between young and old castes (both queens and workers) across different lineages of social insects (two termite, two bee and two ant species). After global analyses, we paid particular attention to genes of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling (IIS)/target of rapamycin (TOR)/juvenile hormone (JH) network, which is well known to regulate lifespan and the trade-off between reproduction and somatic maintenance in solitary insects…

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Tandem‐running and scouting behaviour are characterized by up‐regulation of learning and memory formation genes within the ant brain

Tandem-running is a recruitment behaviour in ants that has been described as a form of teaching, where spatial information possessed by a leader is conveyed to following nestmates. Within Temnothorax ants, tandem-running is used within a variety of contexts, from foraging and nest relocation to-in the case of slavemaking species-slave raiding. Here, we elucidate the transcriptomic basis of scouting, tandem-leading and tandem-following behaviours across two species with divergent lifestyles: the slavemaking Temnothorax americanus and its primary, nonparasitic host T. longispinosus. Analysis of gene expression data from brains revealed that only a small number of unique differentially express…

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Molecular regulation of lifespan extension in fertile ant workers.

The evolution of sociality in insects caused a divergence in lifespan between reproductive and non-reproductive castes. Ant queens can live for decades, while most workers survive only weeks to a few years. In most organisms, longevity is traded-off with reproduction, but in social insects, these two life-history traits are positively linked. Once fertility is induced in workers, e.g. by queen removal, worker lifespan increases. The molecular regulation of this positive link between fecundity and longevity and generally the molecular underpinnings of caste-specific senescence are not well understood. Here, we investigate the transcriptomic regulation of lifespan and reproduction in fat bod…

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Social isolation causes downregulation of immune and stress response genes and behavioural changes in a social insect

Humans and other social mammals experience isolation from their group as stressful, triggering behavioural and physiological anomalies that reduce fitness. While social isolation has been intensely studied in social mammals, it is less clear how social insects, which evolved sociality independently, respond to isolation. Here we examined whether the typical mammalian responses to social isolation, e.g., an impaired ability to interact socially and immune suppression are also found in social insects. We studied the consequences of social isolation on behaviour and brain gene expression in the ant Temnothorax nylanderi. Following isolation, workers interacted moderately less with adult nestma…

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Ant behaviour and brain gene expression of defending hosts depend on the ecological success of the intruding social parasite.

The geographical mosaic theory of coevolution predicts that species interactions vary between locales. Depending on who leads the coevolutionary arms race, the effectivity of parasite attack or host defence strategies will explain parasite prevalence. Here, we compare behaviour and brain transcriptomes of Temnothorax longispinosus ant workers when defending their nest against an invading social parasite, the slavemaking ant Temnothorax americanus . A full-factorial design allowed us to test whether behaviour and gene expression are linked to parasite pressure on host populations or to the ecological success of parasite populations. Albeit host defences had been shown before to covary with …

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Supplement 4: from Molecular regulation of lifespan extension in fertile ant workers

Result tables of GO enrichments

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Excel table with differentially expressed genes slavemaker origin from Ant behaviour and brain gene expression of defending hosts depend on the ecological success of the intruding social parasite

slavemaker origin

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Supplement 2: from Molecular regulation of lifespan extension in fertile ant workers

R scripts of DeSeq2 and statistical analyses

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Table S5 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S1 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM 1.

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Table S16 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S6 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S20 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S12 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Data from: Tandem-running and scouting behavior are characterized by up-regulation of learning and memory formation genes within the ant brain

Tandem-running is a recruitment behavior in ants that has been described as a form of teaching, where spatial information possessed by a leader is conveyed to following nestmates. Within Temnothorax ants, tandem-running is used within a variety of contexts, from foraging and nest relocation to – in the case of slavemaking species – slave raiding. Here, we elucidate the transcriptomic basis of scouting, tandem-leading, and tandem-following behavior across two species with divergent lifestyles: the slavemaking Temnothorax americanus and its primary, non-parasitic host T. longispinosus. Analysis of gene expression data from brains revealed that only a small number of unique differentially-expr…

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Table S3 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Supplement 3: from Molecular regulation of lifespan extension in fertile ant workers

List of differentially expressed genes

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Supplement 5: from Molecular regulation of lifespan extension in fertile ant workers

Information on all differentially expressed transcripts

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Table S10 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S26 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Excel Table with differentially expressed genes host origin from Ant behaviour and brain gene expression of defending hosts depend on the ecological success of the intruding social parasite

Host origin

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Table S24 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S15 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S19 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S7 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S11 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S2 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S17 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S21 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S23 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S25 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S13 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S9 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S22 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Excel Table with differentially expressed genes parasite success and attack from Ant behaviour and brain gene expression of defending hosts depend on the ecological success of the intruding social parasite

Parasite success and attack no Attack

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Table S18 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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Table S8 from Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects

Overview of all Supplementary tables provided as separate Excel files, except Table S4 which is included in ESM1.

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