BIOGEOGRAPHY AND MACROECOLOGY OF ANTARCTIC AND SUB-ANTARCTIC ECHINOIDS USING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM.

participant; Many features already show how Polar seas are impacted by present-day global warming. To cope with new climate-induced changes and survive, Antarctic and Subantarctic marine organisms can either migrate or adapt to new prevailing conditions. New biotic interactions between Southernmost species and Subantarctic invaders can be expected, as new biogeographical distributions have already been documented. Because they are biologically and ecologically well diversified, echinoids play an important part in Antarctic benthic communities. Moreover, symbioses associated to cidarid echinoids make them even more crucial for benthic diversity. The biogeographical mapping of Antarctic echin…