0000000000854346
AUTHOR
Jimmy Lopez
Upstream Product Market Regulations, ICT, R&D and Productivity
Our study aims at assessing the actual importance of the two main channels usually contemplated in the literature through which upstream sector anticompetitive regulations may impact productivity growth: business investments in R&D and in ICT. We thus precisely try to estimate what are the specific impacts of these two channels and their shares in total impact as against alternative channels of investments in other forms of intangible capital such as improvements in skills, management and organization. For this, we specify an extended production function relating productivity explicitly to R&D and ICT capital as well as to upstream regulations, and two factor demand functions relating R&D a…
Modeling Heterogeneity in Country-Industry-Year Panel Data: Two Illustrative Econometric Analyses
The macroeconomic empirical literature based on three-dimensional country- industry-year panel data, such as the widely used OECD STAN and EUKLEMS databases, has become extremely abundant, providing more observations for studies previously investigated on two-dimensional country-year panels. However, a large part of this literature does not take advantage of the development of panel data methods to deal with heterogeneity and dynamic and non-stationarity issues. We explain in this chapter how one can put them into practice and circumvent the lack of variability left in the data once one controls for simple and two-way interacted fixed effects in these industry-country-year panels. We illust…
Upstream Product Market Regulations, ICT, R&D and Productivity
Our study aims to assess the actual importance of the two main channels via which upstream anti-competitive sector regulations are usually considered to impact productivity growth, i.e. by acting as a disincentive to business investments in R&D and in ICT. We estimate the specific impacts of these two channels and their shares in the total impact as opposed to alternative channels of investments in other forms of intangible capital that we cannot explicitly consider for lack of appropriate data such as improvements in skills, management and organization. To achieve this, we specify an extended production function explicitly relating productivity to R&D and ICT capital as well as to upstream…
Product and Labour Market Regulations, Production Prices, Wages and Productivity
ACLN; International audience; This study is an attempt to evaluate the effects of product and labour market regulations on industry productivity through their various impacts on changes in production prices and wages. In a first stage, the estimation of a regression equation on an industry*country panel, with controls for country*industry and country*year fixed effects, show that multi-factor productivity is negatively and significantly influenced by both indicators of industrial prices from same industry and weighted average of industrial prices from other industries, and by indicators of country wages weighted by industry labour shares for low and high skilled workers. In a second stage, …
Euro Area Structural Convergence? A Multi-Criterion Cluster Analysis
Abstract This paper proposes a classification of the old member countries of the euro area in a structural data rich environment and run a convergence analysis using the same framework. First, we use a clustering approach and identify two structurally distinct clusters of countries that are not modified between 1999 and 2012: the South Countries Group (SCG) – composed of Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain – and the Other Countries Group (OCG). Second, we propose a convergence metrics and reach three key findings: (i) increase over time of the between-clusters׳ dispersion; (ii) diverging demographics and innovation performance into the OCG, and (iii) an unfortunate convergence towards high la…
« Product Market Regulations Impact on the Labor Market »
Depuis la crise financière de 2008, les gouvernements européens ont mis en place de nombreusesréformes des régulations anticoncurrentielles des marchés des biens et services, soit desréformes des lois et règlements dans les secteurs des services et des réseaux pouvant restreindrela concurrence et les choix des entreprises. Ces réformes sont soutenues par des organismesinternationaux, comme l’OCDE et le FMI, et par une littérature abondante concluant à des effetsnégatifs de ces régulations sur l’innovation et la productivité des entreprises. Cependant, leurseffets sur le marché du travail sont assez méconnus.Ce papier étudie les effets de ces régulations sur les marchés du travail des région…
Promoting self-employment: Does it create more employment and business activity?
International audience; We assess the economic impact of reforms promoting self-employment in the three countries that have implemented such reforms since the early 2000s: the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and France. To that end, we use an unbalanced cross country-industry dataset of 4,226 observations, including 12 OECD countries and 20 market industries, over the 1995-2016 period. We first observe, using country-level data, that the share of self-employed workers in total employment is quite stable or declines over the period in all countries in our dataset, except in the three countries where large reforms promoting self-employment have been implemented, and only after these reforms. …
RENT CREATION AND RENT SHARING: NEW MEASURES AND IMPACTS ON TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
International audience; This analysis proposes new measures of rent creation and rent sharing and assesses their impact on productivity on cross-country-industry panel data. We find first that: (1) anticompetitive product market regulations positively affect rent creation and (2) employment protection legislation boosts hourly wages, particularly for low-skill workers. However, we find no significant impact of this employment legislation on rent sharing, as the hourly wage increases are offset by a negative impact on hours worked. Second, using regulation indicators as instruments, we find that rent creation and rent sharing both have a substantial negative impact on total factor productivi…
Labour Market Regulations and Capital Intensity
What is the impact of labour market regulations as measured by the OECD indicator of employment protection legislation (EPL) on capital and skill composition? Precisely, this study investigates the effects of changes in EPL on changes in four types of capital and three components of labour skill. They include construction, non-ICT, ICT, and R&D capital components on the one hand, and low-, medium-, and highly-skilled labour on the other. Our analysis is grounded on a large country–industry panel dataset of fourteen OECD countries, and eighteen manufacturing and market service industries, from 1988 to 2007. It shows that strengthening EPL lowers ICT capital and, even more severely, R&…
Processus d’innovation : une analyse sur les données CIS Européennes
L’innovation est vu comme un déterminant important de la compétitivité des entreprises, elle joue donc le rôle crucial de moteur économique. Toute une série de mesure a été mis en place ces dernières décennies pour favoriser celle-ci. Pour autant, l’innovation n’est pas toujours source de croissance. Il apparait alors essentiel de comprendre le mécanisme d’innovation et son rendement, afin de guider au mieux l’action des politiques publiques.Il est très fréquent d’utiliser l’enquête communautaire sur l’innovation CIS (Community Innovation Survey) pour étudier le processus d’innovation. En effet, ces enquêtes constituent la principale source de statistiques sur l’innovation des entreprises e…
ICT demand behaviour: An international comparison
This study aims to provide some empirical explanations for the gaps in ICT diffusion between industrialized countries, especially European countries vis-à-vis the United States. The panel data cover eleven OECD countries: Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. These annual macroeconomic data span the 1981-2005 period.The analysis provides some original results: (i) the impact on ICT diffusion of the level of education and market rigidities has changed over time. The correlation of ICT diffusion, positive with the level of education and negative with market rigidities, increased over time (in absolute terms)…
Modeling Heterogeneity in Country-Industry-Year Panel Data: Two Illustrative Econometric Analyses
International audience
What is the macroeconomic impact of ambitious structural reforms on product and labour markets?
What impact would ambitious structural reforms implemented on product and labour markets have on growth? The authors propose an assessment, using a panel of 14 countries, of the consequences of the adoption of “best practices”, defined as the average level of regulations observed in the three economies where they are the least cumbersome. Their simulations show that the implementation of such reforms should lead to a very significant increase in productivity in many countries, in particular in the euro area.
Measuring ‘indirect’ investments in ICT in OECD countries
International audience; ICT components, such as microprocessors, may be embodied in other capital goods not recorded as ICT in National Accounts. We name ‘indirect ICT investment’ the value of embodied ICT components in non-ICT investment. The paper provides estimates of ‘indirect ICT investment’ based on detailed and unpublished Supply-Use tables (SUT) in 12 OECD countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.Our main finding is that ICT investment appears significantly higher when considering its indirect component, the average increase being about 35%. The inclusion of i…