0000000000907280
AUTHOR
Andrei Antonie
Developing a career promotion model for Romanian football referees
Football refereeing has become more demanding in terms of physical and mental preparation. Elite football referees are seen as athletes nowadays and the latest changes have brought major challenges in terms of job and occupation. The officials have changed their perspectives regarding their sport involvement due to the national football associations which have decided to have a certain number of professional referees. Therefore, top level football referees have taken the path towards professionalization. The aim of the study was to develop a career model for the football referees. The model was created through the career development theories and studies. Super’s career development theory (1…
Serving for state and industry by doing nothing but practice and play : Football shamateurism in East Germany, Hungary and Romania
This presentation aims at discussing the opportunities and limitations of football players in East Germany, Hungary and Romania in the period between the end of World War II (1945) and the collapse of the Eastern bloc (1989). Football served as an important propaganda tool for the communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Therefore, the political elites supported football players financially with sinecures in the military, police, and in commercial and industrial companies, as well as by releasing them for training and competitions in their associated clubs. Their status as “shamateurs” granted them privileges in socialist societies over common people but also limited their possibilities to deve…