Long-term general and cardiovascular safety of tiotropium/olodaterol in patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Background Long-term safety, particularly cardiovascular safety, is of special interest in maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with long-acting β 2 -agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists, given potential cardiovascular effects. Methods Two 52-week Phase III trials (TONADO ® ) investigated tiotropium/olodaterol (5/5 and 2.5/5 μg) versus tiotropium 2.5, 5 μg and olodaterol 5 μg. In a pre-specified safety analysis, investigator-reported treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs), electrocardiogram and laboratory data were pooled. All serious AE (SAE) reports were reviewed by an independent Adjudication Committee, which assessed whether deaths, …