Modular invariant dynamics and fermion mass hierarchies around τ = i

We discuss fermion mass hierarchies within modular invariant flavour models. We analyse the neighbourhood of the self-dual point $\tau=i$, where modular invariant theories possess a residual $Z_4$ invariance. In this region the breaking of $Z_4$ can be fully described by the spurion $\epsilon \approx \tau - i$, that flips its sign under $Z_4$. Degeneracies or vanishing eigenvalues of fermion mass matrices, forced by the $Z_4$ symmetry at $\tau=i$, are removed by slightly deviating from the self-dual point. Relevant mass ratios are controlled by powers of $|\epsilon|$. We present examples where this mechanism is a key ingredient to successfully implement an hierarchical spectrum in the lepto…