DMPP and the adrenergic nerve terminal: mechanisms of noradrenaline release from vesicular and extravesicular compartments.

DMPP (1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazine) in various concentrations between 1.6×10−6 M and 6.2×10−5 M was infused into isolated rabbit hearts to study the neuronal release and uptake of noradrenaline.